A web-based application for beekeepers to visualise patterns of growth in floral resources using MODIS data

The honey bee industry is of immense importance to global agriculture. In many countries beekeepers are migratory and move their hives between flowering events. Predicting such flowering events is particularly difficult in Australia due to the irregular flowering of eucalypts. We have developed a web-based application for Victorian beekeepers to visualise patterns of growth in floral resources using MODIS and other data, and thus make remote predictions about whether flowering will occur at their apiary sites. We demonstrate the use of this application through comparing ironbark (Eucalyptus tricarpa) growth patterns with flowering and honey production records. While the scientific community as a whole has embraced the use of satellite imagery as a tool for phenological studies, our prototype represents the first attempt to make this same information available to a more general audience. Commercial beekeeping in Australia is underpinned by the need to predict eucalypt flowering events from observations of budding and growth.Freely available satellite data, especially MODIS vegetation indices, can be used to remotely observe eucalypt growth.We have developed a web-based application, BeeBox, for beekeepers to make predictions of flowering across regions of interest.We use BeeBox to demonstrate agreement of growth, flowering and honey production data for Eucalyptus tricarpa.

[1]  Alfredo R. Huete,et al.  A spatially explicit land surface phenology data product for science, monitoring and natural resources management applications , 2015, Environ. Model. Softw..

[2]  D. Roberts,et al.  Design of an image analysis website for phenological and meteorological monitoring , 2010, Environ. Model. Softw..

[3]  Rebecca C. Jones,et al.  Genetic control of flowering time in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus , 2011, Tree Genetics & Genomes.

[4]  T. Piechota,et al.  Oceanic‐atmospheric variability and western U.S. snowfall , 2006 .

[5]  Nicholas C. Coops,et al.  Predicting the complexity of habitat in forests from airborne videography for wildlife management , 1997 .

[6]  H. Jones,et al.  Remote Sensing of Vegetation: Principles, Techniques, and Applications , 2010 .

[7]  F. Mutinelli,et al.  Results of international standardised beekeeper surveys of colony losses for winter 2012–2013: analysis of winter loss rates and mixed effects modelling of risk factors for winter loss , 2014 .

[8]  L. Shihua,et al.  Monitoring paddy rice phenology using time series MODIS data over Jiangxi Province, China. , 2014 .

[9]  James T. Wilkes,et al.  A national survey of managed honey bee 2011–12 winter colony losses in the United States: results from the Bee Informed Partnership , 2013 .

[10]  M Lappé,et al.  Genetic control. , 1972, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  Yann Nouvellon,et al.  MODIS NDVI time-series allow the monitoring of Eucalyptus plantation biomass , 2011 .

[12]  J. Biesmeijer,et al.  Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. , 2010, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[13]  Ranga B. Myneni,et al.  Monitoring Rainforest Dynamics in the Amazon with MODIS Land Products , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[14]  Kelvin Balcombe,et al.  Pollination services in the UK: how important are honeybees? , 2011 .

[15]  A. Savitzky,et al.  Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures. , 1964 .

[16]  Scoping the budding and climate impacts in Eucalypt flowering: Nonlinear time series decomposition modelling , 2013 .

[17]  Tim R. McVicar,et al.  Assessment of the MODIS LAI product for Australian ecosystems , 2006 .

[18]  J. Canadell,et al.  Evaluation of six satellite-derived Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetic Active Radiation (FAPAR) products across the Australian continent , 2014 .

[19]  M. Brooker,et al.  Field Guide To Eucalypts , 2000 .

[20]  T. Seeley,et al.  FORAGING STRATEGY OF HONEYBEE COLONIES IN A TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST , 1982 .

[21]  Alfredo Huete,et al.  Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics in savanna vegetation phenology across the North Australian Tropical Transect , 2013 .

[22]  H. Liniger,et al.  Trend analysis of MODIS NDVI time series for detecting land degradation and regeneration in Mongolia , 2015 .

[23]  N. Coops,et al.  Conceptual Development of a Eucalypt Canopy Condition Index Using High Resolution Spatial and Spectral Remote Sensing Imagery , 2000 .

[24]  Jeffrey D. Walker,et al.  A client-side web application for interactive environmental simulation modeling , 2014, Environ. Model. Softw..

[25]  A. Huete,et al.  Amazon rainforests green‐up with sunlight in dry season , 2006 .

[26]  P. Beck,et al.  Improved monitoring of vegetation dynamics at very high latitudes: A new method using MODIS NDVI , 2006 .

[27]  B. Potts,et al.  Reproductive biology and controlled pollination of Eucalyptus- a review , 1995 .

[28]  Tim D. Fletcher,et al.  Long-term flowering synchrony of box-ironbark eucalypts , 2004 .

[29]  Domingos Lopes,et al.  Accuracy of remote sensing data versus other sources of information for estimating net primary production in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Pinus pinaster Ait. ecosystems in Portugal , 2009 .

[30]  J. Settele,et al.  Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline , 2009 .

[31]  Zhenyu Jin,et al.  A Novel Compound Smoother—RMMEH to Reconstruct MODIS NDVI Time Series , 2013, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[32]  Stefan Wunderle,et al.  Alpine Grassland Phenology as Seen in AVHRR, VEGETATION, and MODIS NDVI Time Series - a Comparison with In Situ Measurements , 2008, Sensors.

[33]  C. D. Boomsma Native trees of South Australia , 1972 .

[34]  Alfredo Huete,et al.  Land surface phenological response to decadal climate variability across Australia using satellite remote sensing , 2014 .

[35]  Jennifer A. Wilson Flowering ecology of a Box-Ironbark Eucalyptus community , 2003 .

[36]  C. Pirk,et al.  A survey of managed honey bee colony losses in the Republic of South Africa–2009 to 2011 , 2014 .

[37]  Herman Eerens,et al.  Image time series processing for agriculture monitoring , 2014, Environ. Model. Softw..

[38]  I. Hudson,et al.  Modelling the Flowering of Four Eucalypt Species Using New Mixture Transition Distribution Models , 2010 .

[39]  Atsushi Kume,et al.  Remote sensing of vegetation , 2014 .

[40]  Nathan R. Swain,et al.  A review of open source software solutions for developing water resources web applications , 2015, Environ. Model. Softw..

[41]  Stephanie R. Rogers,et al.  Standard use of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques in honey bee research , 2013 .

[42]  D. Boland,et al.  Floral Morphology of Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn. ex Schau. And Comparisons With Other Eucalypt Species , 1989 .

[43]  Bin Tan,et al.  Interannual variations and trends in global land surface phenology derived from enhanced vegetation index during 1982–2010 , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[44]  S. Droege,et al.  Detecting Insect Pollinator Declines on Regional and Global Scales , 2013, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[45]  Mapping the Current Condition of River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) Stands Along the Victorian Murray River Floodplain , 2007 .

[46]  Jw Porter Relationships between flowering and honey production of red ironbark, Eucalyptus sideroxylon (A. Cunn.) Benth., and climate in the Bendigo district of Victoria , 1978 .

[47]  G. Henebry,et al.  Phenology in Higher Education: Ground-Based and Spatial Analysis Tools , 2013 .

[48]  D. vanEngelsdorp,et al.  A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them. , 2010, Journal of invertebrate pathology.

[49]  Danny Lo Seen,et al.  Relating MODIS vegetation index time-series with structure, light absorption and stem production of fast-growing Eucalyptus plantations , 2010 .

[50]  A. Huete,et al.  Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices , 2002 .

[51]  Eva Crane,et al.  The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting , 1999 .

[52]  D. Ashton Studies of Flowering Behaviour in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell , 1975 .

[53]  I. Hudson,et al.  A comparison of long-term flowering patterns of Box–Ironbark species in Havelock and Rushworth forests , 2007 .

[54]  Jahan Kariyeva LAND SURFACE PHENOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO LAND USE AND CLIMATE VARIATION IN A CHANGING CENTRAL ASIA , 2010 .

[55]  Doreen S. Boyd,et al.  Phenology of vegetation in Southern England from Envisat MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI) data , 2011 .

[56]  R Gordon,et al.  Nomadic beekeeper movements create the potential for widespread disease in the honeybee industry. , 2014, Australian veterinary journal.

[57]  Zhenyu Jin,et al.  Empirical comparison of noise reduction techniques for NDVI time-series based on a new measure , 2014 .

[58]  Laurie A. Chisholm,et al.  Assessing the sensitivity of MODIS to monitor drought in high biomass ecosystems , 2011 .

[59]  Andrew F. Bennett,et al.  Landscape-level thresholds of habitat cover for woodland-dependent birds , 2005 .

[60]  J. V. Revadekar,et al.  Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation , 2006 .

[61]  Mark A. Friedl,et al.  Global vegetation phenology from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): Evaluation of global patterns and comparison with in situ measurements , 2006 .

[62]  Jennifer N. Hird,et al.  Noise reduction of NDVI time series: An empirical comparison of selected techniques , 2009 .

[63]  Stéphane Dupuy,et al.  Mapping short-rotation plantations at regional scale using MODIS time series: Case of eucalypt plantations in Brazil , 2014 .

[64]  T. Sakamoto,et al.  A crop phenology detection method using time-series MODIS data , 2005 .

[65]  A. Bennett,et al.  Collapse of an avifauna: climate change appears to exacerbate habitat loss and degradation , 2009 .

[66]  A. Klein,et al.  Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops , 2007, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[67]  A. Strahler,et al.  Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS , 2003 .

[68]  J. M. Fielding NOTES ON THE FLOWERING AND SEEDING OF EUCALYPTUS DELEGATENSIS AND E. FASTIGATA IN THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY , 1956 .

[69]  Jin Chen,et al.  A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky-Golay filter , 2004 .

[70]  F. Ahmad Phenologically-Tuned MODIS NDVI-Based Time Series (2000-2012) For Monitoring Of Vegetation and Climate Change in North-Eastern Punjab, Pakistan , 2013 .

[71]  Michael J. Stewardson,et al.  Adapting urban water systems to a changing climate: lessons from the millennium drought in southeast Australia. , 2013, Environmental science & technology.

[72]  Jiang Jingang,et al.  Reconstruction of NDVI time-series datasets of MODIS based on Savitzky-Golay filter , 2010, National Remote Sensing Bulletin.

[73]  S. Running,et al.  Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS satellite data , 2007 .

[74]  Yehia El-khatib,et al.  Web technologies for environmental Big Data , 2015, Environ. Model. Softw..

[75]  M. Keatley,et al.  Environmental effects on growth phenology of co-occurring Eucalyptus species , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[76]  Flávio Jorge Ponzoni,et al.  Calibration of a Species-Specific Spectral Vegetation Index for Leaf Area Index (LAI) Monitoring: Example with MODIS Reflectance Time-Series on Eucalyptus Plantations , 2012, Remote. Sens..

[77]  R. Leuning,et al.  Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates , 2005 .

[78]  M. Gibson,et al.  Flowering ecology of honey-producing flora in South-East Australia , 2008 .

[79]  R Core Team,et al.  R: A language and environment for statistical computing. , 2014 .

[80]  Xiangming Xiao,et al.  Land Surface Phenology , 2009 .

[81]  Richard G. Jones,et al.  Declines of managed honey bees and beekeepers in Europe , 2010 .

[82]  Michael Schmidt,et al.  Long term data fusion for a dense time series analysis with MODIS and Landsat imagery in an Australian Savanna , 2012 .

[83]  M. Gibson,et al.  Long-term flowering patterns of melliferous Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) species , 2006 .

[84]  B. Timbal,et al.  The Millennium Drought in southeast Australia (2001–2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society , 2013 .