Pre-service teachers’ experiences of ICT in daily life and in educational contexts and their proto-technological pedagogical knowledge

Many pre-service teachers are members of the net generation and are expected to be familiar with different ICTs, yet several studies have indicated that they are not necessarily able to use them for teaching and learning. The notion of teachers’ technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK) is central to this concern. In this study we use the responses of 146 pre-service teachers to open-ended questions about the experiences and knowledge of ICT and pedagogy they brought with them when they entered university teacher training. The data were analysed qualitatively with content analysis based on an integrative framework generated from a number of theoretical perspectives. Derived categories and subcategories were used to construct a framework for ‘proto-TPK’ as a basis for establishing a starting point for the coordinated development of TPK with students in their university training and early careers.

[1]  Gillian H. Roehrig,et al.  Assessing Beginning Secondary Science Teachers' PCK: Pilot Year Results , 2007 .

[2]  M. Engle.  Book Review: Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd Ed.) , 1999 .

[3]  Marlene Scardamalia,et al.  Big Change Questions Will Educational Institutions, within their Present Structures, be Able to Adapt Sufficiently to Meet the Needs of the Information Age? , 2001 .

[4]  Peter Albion,et al.  Beyond Pedagogical Content Knowledge: The Importance of TPACK for Informing Preservice Teacher Education in Australia , 2010, Key Competencies in the Knowledge Society.

[5]  Graham R. Gibbs,et al.  Analyzing Biographies and Narratives , 2014 .

[6]  Joshua H. Barnett,et al.  Revisiting technological pedagogical content knowledge: Exploring the TPACK framework , 2010, Comput. Educ..

[7]  Mikko Vesisenaho,et al.  Localising and contextualising information and communication technology in education: a cultural ecological framework , 2013 .

[8]  Michael Meagher,et al.  Pre-service teachers’ experiences with advanced digital technologies: The interplay between technology in a pre-service classroom and in field placements , 2011 .

[9]  Marlene Scardamalia,et al.  An Attainable Version of High Literacy: Approaches to Teaching Higher-Order Skills in Reading and Writing , 1987 .

[10]  Chin-Chung Tsai,et al.  Modeling primary school pre-service teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) for meaningful learning with information and communication technology (ICT) , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[11]  Timothy Koschmann,et al.  Paradigm shifts and instructional technology : An introduction , 1996 .

[12]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  Handbook of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) for educators , 2011 .

[13]  Sue Bennett,et al.  The 'digital natives' debate: A critical review of the evidence , 2008, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[14]  P. Dillon,et al.  Net generation at social software: Challenging assumptions, clarifying relationships and raising implications for learning , 2010 .

[15]  Hyungshin Choi,et al.  Little experience with ICT: Are they really the Net Generation student-teachers? , 2012, Comput. Educ..

[16]  Christopher R. Jones,et al.  Net generation or Digital Natives: Is there a distinct new generation entering university? , 2010, Comput. Educ..

[17]  Matthew B. Miles,et al.  Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook , 1994 .

[18]  S. A. Özgün-Koca,et al.  Preservice Teachers' Emerging TPACK in a Technology-Rich Methods Class , 2010 .

[19]  Alan Agresti,et al.  Categorical Data Analysis , 1991, International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science.

[20]  Johan van Braak,et al.  Technological pedagogical content knowledge - a review of the literature , 2013, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[21]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  What Happens When Teachers Design Educational Technology? The Development of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge , 2005 .

[22]  Sonmez Pamuk,et al.  Understanding preservice teachers' technology use through TPACK framework , 2012, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[23]  Timothy Teo,et al.  Modelling the Relationships among Beliefs about Learning, Knowledge, and Teaching of Pre-Service Teachers in Singapore , 2010 .

[24]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  What is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK)? , 2013 .

[25]  Judi Harris,et al.  What Is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge , 2009 .

[26]  Jing Lei.  Digital Natives As Preservice Teachers , 2009 .

[27]  M. Prensky.  Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants , 2001 .

[28]  Wilhelmina C. Savenye,et al.  Using qualitative research methods in higher education , 2005, J. Comput. High. Educ..

[29]  Helvi Kyngäs,et al.  The qualitative content analysis process. , 2008, Journal of advanced nursing.

[30]  Charoula Angeli,et al.  Preservice elementary teachers as information and communication technology designers: an instructional systems design model based on an expanded view of pedagogical content knowledge , 2005, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[31]  M. Prensky.  Do They Really Think Differently , 2001 .

[32]  Pasi Sahlberg,et al.  Rethinking accountability in a knowledge society , 2010 .

[33]  Eija Puhakka,et al.  Kohti innovatiivista tietotekniikan opetuskäyttöä : kansainvälisen SITES 2006 -tutkimuksen tuloksia , 2008 .

[34]  Klaudia Frankfurter.  Cscl Theory And Practice Of An Emerging Paradigm , 2016 .

[35]  A. Cattell.  Grown Up Digital – How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World , 2009 .

[36]  Teemu Valtonen.  An insight into collaborative learning with ICT: Teachers' and students' perspectives , 2011 .

[37]  P. Dillon,et al.  Confronting the technological pedagogical knowledge of Finnish Net Generation student teachers , 2011 .

[38]  Graham R. Gibbs,et al.  Analyzing Qualitative Data , 2014 .

[39]  Fethi A. Inan,et al.  Evidence of impact: Transforming teacher education with preparing tomorrow's teachers to teach with technology (PT3) grants , 2010 .

[40]  Margaret L. Niess.  Preparing Teachers to Teach Science and Mathematics with Technology , 2001 .

[41]  Charles R. Graham.  Theoretical considerations for understanding technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[42]  Richard E. Ferdig,et al.  Assessing technologies for teaching and learning: understanding the importance of technological pedagogical content knowledge , 2006, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[43]  Heinz Ulrich Hoppe,et al.  One-to-One Technology-Enhanced Learning: an Opportunity for Global Research Collaboration , 2006, Res. Pract. Technol. Enhanc. Learn..

[44]  Peggy A. Ertmer,et al.  Goldilocks and TPACK , 2013 .

[45]  Martin Oliver,et al.  Handbook of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) for educators , 2011 .

[46]  E. Rogers,et al.  Diffusion of innovations , 1964, Encyclopedia of Sport Management.

[47]  Patrick Dillon,et al.  The Effects of Scaffolded Simulation-Based Inquiry Learning on Fifth-Graders' Representations of the Greenhouse Effect , 2014 .

[48]  Don Tapscott,et al.  Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation is Changing Your World , 2008 .

[49]  Seng Chee Tan,et al.  Self reflection and preservice teachers' technological pedagogical knowledge: Promoting earlier adoption of student-centred pedagogies , 2011 .

[50]  C. Monseur,et al.  The Use of ICT in Education: a survey of schools in Europe , 2013 .

[51]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge , 2006, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[52]  Sid Bourke,et al.  Innovative teaching and learning: from research to practice: part one , 2014 .

[53]  T. Judd,et al.  First year students' experiences with technology: Are they really digital natives? , 2008 .

[54]  L. Shulman.  Those who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching , 2013 .

[55]  Mark J. Hofer,et al.  Differentiating TPACK Development: Using Learning Activity Types with Inservice and Preservice Teachers , 2010 .

[56]  Jason T. Abbitt.  Measuring Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Preservice Teacher Education , 2011 .

[57]  A. Agresti.  Categorical data analysis , 1993 .

[58]  Charles R. Graham,et al.  The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Framework , 2014 .

[59]  M. Prensky.  Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1 , 2001 .