Mass-balanced paleogeographic reconstructions

ZusammenfassungDie Paläogeographie, Paläotopographie und Paläobathymetrie eines geschlossenen Erosions-Depositions-Systems kann abgeschätzt werden, indem man die Sedimentmengen rekonstruiert und auf die Hochflächen in einem Entwässerungsbecken projiziert. Dies basiert auf den heutigen inversen Erosionsratengleichungen und der Korrektur für Isostasie, Meeresspiegelschwankungen und thermale Hebung oder Zerfall der Topographie. Die Erosions-Depositions-Geschichte des nordwestlichen Randes des Golf von Mexiko und seines west- bis zentralnordamerikanischen Schüttungsgebietes während des Känozoikums entsprechen einem geschlossenen Modell und erlauben das Testen der Prinzipien der Massen-Ausgleichs-Modellierung.Rekonstruktionen einer ausgeglichenen Paläogeographie des Arbeitsgebietes ergeben die folgenden spezifischen Ergebnisse: 1.Die maximale Hebungsrate der Rocky Mountains und der Hochebenen fand während des oberen Pliozäns statt.2.Die Paläo-Küstenlinien, die mit Ausgleichsrekonstruktionen basierend auf durchschnittlichen Meeresspiegelkurven erstellt wurden, stimmen nicht mit marin-nichtmarinen Sedimentfolgen überein und beinhalten ferner, daß die Amplitude der Meeresspiegelschwankungen an der Golfküste nur etwa der Hälfte der eustatischen Meeresspiegelkurve vonHaq et al. (1987) entspricht.AbstractPaleogeography, paleotopography, and paleobathymetry of a closed erosion-depositional system can be reconstructed by restoring sedimentary masses to elevated surfaces in a drainage basin based on the inverse of present erosion equations and adjusting for isostasy, sea level changes, sediment compaction, and thermal subsidence. The erosion-deposition history of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico margin and its western-central North American source area during the Cenozoic is used to explore the sensitivity of mass balance reconstructions, and changes in assumptions concerning erosion rate parameters and sea level.Analysis of the distributions of sedimentary material and mass-balanced paleogeographic reconstructions of the study area indicate the following specific results: 1)most of the Pleistocene sediment in the Gulf of Mexico is not of glacial origin but is derived from the high plains and reflects uplift of the Rocky Mountains and High Plains since the Late Pliocene; and2)paleoshorelines predicted from mass-balanced reconstructions using theHaq et al. (1987) global sea level curve do not match the shoreline indicated by sedimentary sequences and suggest that the amplitude of sea level changes in the Gulf coast is between one-fourth and three-fourths, most likely one-half, that of the published eustatic sea level curve.RésuméSi une région constitue un système fermé en régard aux processus d'érosion et de sédimentation, il est possible d'en établir la paléogéographie, la paléotopographie et la paléobathymétrie en reconstituant sur les surfaces élevées les volumes dont l'érosion a donné lieu aux accumulations dans le bassin de sédimentation; cette opération doit tenir compte des effets de l'isostasie, des changements du niveau de la mer et des soulèvements et affaissements thermiques de la topographie. L'histoire de l'érosion et de la sédimentation dans la région formée par la bordure NW du Golfe du Mexique et son aire nourricière (ouest et centre de l'Amérique du Nord) pendant le Cénozoïque présente les conditions requises et permet de tester le principe d'un tel modèle de bilan des volumes.Les reconstitutions paléogéographiques équilibrées de l'aire étudiée fournissent les résultats suivants: 1.la plus grande part du soulèvement des Montagnes Rocheuses et des Hautes Plaines a eu lieu depuis le Pliocène;2.les paléo-lignes de rivage que l'on déduit de ces reconstitutions au moyen des courbes eustatiques du niveau de la mer ne correspondent pas aux limites entre sédiments marins et continentaux; elles suggèrent que les changement du niveau de la mer le long de la cóte du golfe n'atteignent approximativement que la moitié des valeurs données par les courbes eustatiques deHaq et al. (1987).Краткое содержаниеС помощью реконструк ции количества седим ентов и проэцирования этих данных на поверхност ь дренажного бассейна удается вос становить палеогеог рафию, палеотопографию и па леобатиметрию закры той системы «эрозия-отложения». Т акая оценка основана на инверсных уравнения х скоростей эрозии се годняшнего дня и коррелируется н а изостазию, колебани я уровня моря и подняти я, или разрушения топо графии под влиянием термиче ских процессов. Истор ия эрозии — отложения на северо-западном кр ае Мексиканского залива и в его западно американской и центральноамерикан ской зонах накопления сед иментов во время кайнозоя соотвеству ет выше названной зам кнутой модели и разрешает оп робовать принципы мо делирования равновесия масс.Реконстуркция такой уравновешенной пале огеографии в изучаемом регионе р азрешило сделать сле дующие выводы: 1.Максимальная скорос ть поднятия Скалисты х гор и плато имело место в п ериод верхнего плейс тоцена.2.Простирание древней береговой линии, сост авленное на основании усредне нного колебания уров ня моря, при учете реконс трукции процесса рав новесия масс, не соотвествует осадочным маринным и немаринным свитам отложений и ук азывает на то, что амплитуда колебания уровня моря в этот отр езок времени соотвествов ала только половине евстатической кривой уровня моря, со ставленной HAQ и др. /1987/.

[1]  William B. F. Ryan,et al.  Flexure of the Lithosphere and Continental Margin Basins , 1976 .

[2]  Roger N. Anderson,et al.  Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central Eastern Pacific. , 1971 .

[3]  S. T. Crough Thermal origin of mid‐plate hot‐spot swells , 1978 .

[4]  Andrew D. Miall,et al.  Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis , 1984 .

[5]  Henri Termier,et al.  Histoire géologique de la biosphère : la vie et les sédiments dans les géographies successives , 1952 .

[6]  B. Baldwin Ways of Deciphering Compacted Sediments , 1971 .

[7]  E. Barron,et al.  A revised reconstruction of the southern continents , 1978 .

[8]  R. Detrick,et al.  Thermal origin of the Hawaiian swell: Heat flow evidence and thermal models , 1982 .

[9]  John G. Sclater,et al.  Continental stretching: An explanation of the Post-Mid-Cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin , 1980 .

[10]  A. B. Ronov PROBABLE CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER DURING THE COURSE OF GEOLOGICAL TIME1 , 1968 .

[11]  W. Ryan,et al.  Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Continental Margins and Paleoenvironment , 1979 .

[12]  J. Cogley Continental Margins and the Extent and Number of the Continents (Paper 4R0215) , 1984 .

[13]  T. W. Vaughan,et al.  The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation; Corals from the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation , 1920 .

[14]  A. Smith,et al.  Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleocontinental Maps , 1977 .

[15]  D. Hayes Age‐depth relationships and depth anomalies in the southeast Indian Ocean and south Atlantic Ocean , 1988 .

[16]  I. Lerche,et al.  Out of our depth: on the impossibility of fathoming eustasy from the stratigraphic record , 1987 .

[17]  H. D. Holland The chemistry of the atmosphere and oceans , 1978 .

[18]  L. Zonenshain,et al.  Paleogeodynamics world base maps and paleobathymetry for the last 70 Ma: an explanatory note , 1985 .

[19]  A. Chagnon,et al.  Compilation and Correlation of Major Thermal Maturation Indicators , 1979 .

[20]  P. A. Ziegler,et al.  Geological atlas of Western and Central Europe , 1969 .

[21]  J. C. Holden,et al.  The Breakup of Pangaea , 1970 .

[22]  C. Murphy,et al.  The depth of the ocean through the Neogene , 1985 .

[23]  D. Kinsman Rift Valley Basins and Sedimentary History of Trailing Continental Margins , 1975 .

[24]  F. Ahnert Functional relationships between denudation, relief, and uplift in large, mid-latitude drainage basins , 1970 .

[25]  M. Steckler,et al.  Subsidence of the Atlantic-type continental margin off New York , 1978 .

[26]  S. Schumm EVOLUTION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND SLOPES IN BADLANDS AT PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY , 1956 .

[27]  G. Murray Geology of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province of North America , 1961 .

[28]  T. Cook,et al.  Stratigraphic atlas of North and Central America , 1978 .

[29]  W. Hay,et al.  Mass/age distribution and composition of sediments on the ocean floor and the global rate of sediment subduction , 1988 .

[30]  M. Meybeck Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads , 1987 .

[31]  A. Smith,et al.  Phanerozoic Equal-Area World Maps , 1974, The Journal of Geology.

[32]  J. Barrell Rhythms and the measurements of geologic time , 1917 .

[33]  R. Detrick,et al.  Island subsidence, hot spots, and lithospheric thinning , 1978 .

[34]  T. Worsley,et al.  Global tectonics and eustasy for the past 2 billion years , 1984 .

[35]  W. Hay Sedimentological and Geochemical Trends Resulting From the Breakup of Pangaea , 1981 .

[36]  W. Hay,et al.  Chapter 1 Plate Tectonic Control of Global Patterns of Detrital and Carbonate Sedimentation , 1987 .

[37]  S. T. Crough,et al.  The effect of hot spots on the oceanic age-depth relation , 1981 .

[38]  T. Hatton,et al.  Vertical crustal movements in the conterminous United States over the last 10 million years , 1980 .

[39]  Maureen E. Raymo,et al.  Matuyama 41,000-year cycles: North Atlantic Ocean and northern hemisphere ice sheets , 1986 .

[40]  L. King A geomorphological comparison between Eastern Brazil and Africa (Central and Southern) , 1956, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.

[41]  S. Schumm,et al.  Progress in the application of landform analysis in studies of semiarid erosion , 1961 .

[42]  A. Holmes,et al.  Principles of Physical Geology , 1965 .

[43]  S. L. Jansen,et al.  Basement and Sedimentary Recycling and Continental Evolution , 1979, The Journal of Geology.

[44]  R. Ross,et al.  Foraminiferal evidence for the Midway (Paleocene) age of the Cannonball Formation in North Dakota , 1942 .

[45]  M. Bell,et al.  Erosion of the Laurentide Region of North America by Glacial and Glaciofluvial Processes , 1985, Quaternary Research.

[46]  R. Detrick,et al.  The subsidence of aseismic ridges , 1977 .

[47]  F. Mackenzie,et al.  Evolution of sedimentary rocks , 1971 .

[48]  H. W. Menard Elevation and subsidence of oceanic crust , 1969 .

[49]  Allan Cox,et al.  Relative Motions Between Oceanic and Continental Plates in the Pacific Basin , 1986 .

[50]  R. P. Glaister,et al.  Geological history of Western Canada , 1966 .

[51]  E. Dorf Relationship between floras of type Lance and Fort Union formations , 1940 .

[52]  C. Schuchert Atlas of paleogeographic maps of North America , 1955 .

[53]  G. Dickinson Geological Aspects of Abnormal Reservoir Pressures in Gulf Coast Louisiana , 1953 .

[54]  P. Morel,et al.  Tentative Paleocontinental Maps for the Early Phanerozoic and Proterozoic , 1978, The Journal of Geology.

[55]  E. B. Chase,et al.  Fluvial-sediment discharge to the oceans from the conterminous United States , 1973 .

[56]  H. Owen Atlas of continental displacement : 200 million years to the present , 1983 .

[57]  W. Washington,et al.  The role of geographic variables in explaining paleoclimates: Results from Cretaceous climate model sensitivity studies , 1984 .

[58]  S. Schumm,et al.  Yield of sediment in relation to mean annual precipitation , 1958 .

[59]  Patrick A. Tainter Stratigraphic and Paleostructural Controls on Hydrocarbon Migration in Cretaceous D and J Sandstones of the Denver Basin , 1984 .

[60]  N. Sleep Thermal Effects of the Formation of Atlantic Continental Margins by Continental Break up , 1971 .

[61]  J. Chappell,et al.  Late Quaternary glacio- and Hydro-Isostasy, on a Layered Earth , 1974, Quaternary Research.

[62]  M. Perlmutter Deep water clastic reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico: A depositional model , 1985 .

[63]  W. Hay,et al.  Global sedimentary mass balance and sea level changes , 1981 .

[64]  S. L. Jansen,et al.  Basement and Sedimentary Recycling-2: Time Dimension to Global Tectonics , 1985, The Journal of Geology.

[65]  R. Olsson,et al.  DANIAN PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE CANNONBALL FORMATION IN NORTH DAKOTA , 1969 .

[66]  W. Hay,et al.  Modulation of Marine Sedimentation by the Continental Shelves , 1977 .

[67]  B. Parsons,et al.  An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age , 1977 .

[68]  B. Gregor Denudation of the Continents , 1970, Nature.

[69]  S. Schumm The disparity between present rates of denudation and orogeny , 1963 .

[70]  J. V. Hinte,et al.  Geohistory Analysis--Application of Micropaleontology in Exploration Geology , 1978 .

[71]  C. E. Chapin,et al.  Evolution of the Rio Grande rift in the Socorro and Las Cruces areas , 1975, Las Cruces Country.

[72]  E. H. Rainwater Resume of Jurassic to Recent Sedimentation History of the Gulf of Mexico Basin , 1967 .

[73]  H. F. Garner STRATIGRAPHIC-SEDIMENTARY SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTEMPORARY CLIMATE AND RELIEF IN FOUR REGIONS OF THE ANDES MOUNTAINS , 1959 .

[74]  B. Haq,et al.  Chronology of Fluctuating Sea Levels Since the Triassic , 1987, Science.

[75]  L. .. Zonenshayn,et al.  Paleo-Mesozoic and Mesozoic reconstructions of the continents and oceans; Article 2, Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic reconstructions , 1977 .

[76]  D. L. Anderson Hotspots, polar wander, Mesozoic convection and the geoid , 1982, Nature.

[77]  A. Sengor Tectonics of the Tethysides: Orogenic Collage Development in a Collisional Setting , 1987 .

[78]  R. Bambach,et al.  Paleozoic Base Maps , 1979, The Journal of Geology.

[79]  J. Habicht Paleoclimate, Paleomagnetism, and Continental Drift , 1979 .

[80]  J. Sclater,et al.  The Paleobathymetry of the Atlantic Ocean from the Jurassic to the Present , 1977, The Journal of Geology.

[81]  J. Quiblier,et al.  Thickness Changes in Sedimentary Layers During Compaction History; Methods for Quantitative Evaluation , 1974 .

[82]  E. H. Rainwater Transgressions and Regressions in the Gulf Coast Tertiary , 1963 .

[83]  C. Jaupart,et al.  The heat flow through oceanic and continental crust and the heat loss of the Earth , 1980 .

[84]  C. Scotese,et al.  Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleogeographic Maps , 1982 .

[85]  John P. Snyder,et al.  Map projections used by the U.S. Geological Survey , 1982 .

[86]  P. Pinet,et al.  Continental erosion and large‐scale relief , 1988 .

[87]  D. I. Axelrod,et al.  Tertiary vegetation, climate, and altitude of the Rio Grande depression, New Mexico–Colorado , 1976, Paleobiology.

[88]  J. C. Holden,et al.  Reconstruction of Pangaea: Breakup and dispersion of continents, Permian to Present , 1970 .