Bisphenol S Impairs Behaviors through Disturbing Endoplasmic Reticulum Function and Reducing Lipid Levels in the Brain of Zebrafish.

The number of neurotoxic pollutants is increasing, but their mechanism of action is unclear. Here, zebrafish were exposed to 0, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L bisphenol S (BPS) for different durations beginning at 2 h postfertilization (hpf) to explore the neurotoxic mechanisms of BPS. Zebrafish larvae exposed to BPS displayed abnormal neurobehaviors. At 48 and 120 hpf, BPS inhibited yolk lipid consumption and reduced the lipid distribution in the zebrafish brain. Moreover, BPS downregulated the mRNA levels of genes involved in fatty acid elongation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activated ER stress pathways at 48 and 120 hpf, and KEGG analysis after RNA-seq showed that the protein processing pathway in the ER was significantly enriched after BPS exposure. Exposure to ER toxicants (thapsigargin and tunicamycin), two positive controls, induced neurotoxic effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae similar to those of BPS exposure. These data suggested that BPS and ER toxicants disturbed ER function and reduced brain lipid levels. Continued exposure to BPS into adulthood not only inhibited brain fatty acid elongation and ER function but also caused abnormal swelling of the ER in zebrafish. Our data provide new insights into the neurotoxic mechanism of BPS.