Evaluation of Neutron Reactions on Iron Isotopes for CIELO and ENDF/B-VIII.0

Abstract A new suite of evaluations for 54,56,57,58 Fe has been developed in the framework of the CIELO international collaboration. New resolved resonance ranges were evaluated for 54 Fe and 57 Fe, while modifications were applied to resonances in 56 Fe. The low energy part of the 56 Fe file is almost totally based on measurements. At higher energies in 56 Fe and in the whole fast neutron range for minor isotopes the evaluation consists of model predictions carefully adjusted to available experimental data. We also make use of the high quality and well experimentally-constrained dosimetry evaluations from the IRDFF library. Special attention was dedicated to the elastic angular distributions, which were found to affect results of the integral benchmarking. The new set of iron evaluations was developed in concert with other CIELO evaluations and they were tested together in the integral experiments before being adopted for the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library.

[1]  Romero,et al.  Measurements and analysis of neutron elastic scattering at 65 MeV. , 1994, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[2]  Yujiro Ikeda,et al.  Neutron Activation Cross-Section Measurements from 16 to 20 MeV for Isotopes of F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, Cl, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Nb, Sn, and Ba , 2000 .

[3]  T. Miura,et al.  Experimental method for neutron elastic scattering cross-section measurement in 40-90 MeV region at TIARA , 2000 .

[4]  T. B. Ryves,et al.  Cross Section Measurements of 56Fe(n, p)56Mn, 63Cu(n, 2n)62Cu and 65Cu(n, 2n)64Cu between 14 and 19 MeV , 1978 .

[5]  F. Käppeler,et al.  NEUTRON CROSS SECTIONS FOR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS STUDIES , 2000 .

[6]  I. Dillmann,et al.  KADoNiS v0.3 - the third update of the Karlsruhe Astrophysical Database of Nucleosynthesis in Stars , 2009 .

[7]  L. Rayburn.  14.4-Mev (n, 2n) Cross Sections , 1961 .

[8]  J. H. Gibbons.  NEUTRON RESONANCES IN THE KEV REGION , 1956 .

[9]  Y. Hino,et al.  Gamma-ray production cross sections for interactions of 14.8 MeV neutrons with O, Na, Al, Cl, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu and Pb. , 1978 .

[10]  G. Stengl,et al.  Gamma competition in the decay of unbound states in 56Fe produced by the 56Fe(n, n′) reaction with 14 MeV neutrons , 1977 .

[11]  F. Dietrich,et al.  Microscopic and conventional optical model analysis of fast neutron scattering from /sup 54,56/Fe , 1983 .

[12]  S. Jain,et al.  Neutron total cross section and resonance parameters of /sup 58/Fe , 1978 .

[13]  N. Olsson,et al.  Microscopic and conventional optical model analysis of neutron elastic scattering at 21.6 MeV over a wide mass range , 1987 .

[14]  M. Kerveno,et al.  Cross-section measurements for the 56Fe(n, xnγ) reactions , 2014 .

[15]  Kokoo,et al.  Measurements of double-differential cross sections of charged-particle emission reactions for several structural elements of fusion power reactors by 14.1-MeV incident neutrons , 1999 .

[16]  T. Fukahori,et al.  Measurement of activation cross-sections for (n,2n) reactions producing short-lived nuclei in the energy range between 13.4 and 14.9 MeV , 2001 .

[17]  H. Neuert,et al.  Bestimmung von Wirkungsquerschnitten einiger Kernreaktionen durch 14 MeV-Neutronen nach einer Aktivierungsmethode , 1961 .

[18]  B. Joensson,et al.  HIGH RESOLUTION MEASUREMENTS OF GAMMA RAYS PRODUCED BY 15 MeV NEUTRONS. , 1969 .

[19]  C. Shull,et al.  COHERENT SCATTERING AMPLITUDES AS DETERMINED BY NEUTRON DIFFRACTION , 1951 .

[20]  J. S. Levin,et al.  NEUTRON SCATTERING AT 2.45 MEV BY A TIME-OF-FLIGHT METHOD , 1956 .

[21]  J. H. Gibbons,et al.  RESONANCE NEUTRON CAPTURE AND TRANSMISSION IN SULFUR, IRON, AND LEAD , 1964 .

[22]  Alan B. Smith,et al.  Scattering of MeV neutrons from elemental iron , 1979 .

[23]  S. Tanaka,et al.  Elastic and inelastic scattering of fast neutrons from iron, nickel and tungsten , 1969 .

[24]  Hodgson,et al.  Global optical potentials for emitted alpha particles. , 1994, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[25]  R. W. Fink,et al.  New Isotope of Manganese; Cross Sections of the Iron Isotopes for 14.8-Mev Neutrons , 1961 .

[26]  R. B. Schwartz,et al.  MeV Total Neutron Cross Sections , 1974 .

[27]  H. G. Hughes,et al.  Cross-Section Evaluations to 150 MeV for Accelerator-Driven Systems and Implementation in MCNPX , 1999 .

[28]  K. Sumita,et al.  Measurements of Double Differential Neutron Emission Cross Sections for Fusion Reactor Candidate Elements , 1984 .

[29]  N. Olsson,et al.  The 54,56Fe(n, p)54,56Mn reactions at En = 97 MeV , 1993 .

[30]  A. Iwamoto,et al.  Mechanism of cluster emission in nucleon-induced preequilibrium reactions , 1982 .

[31]  R. Zuhr,et al.  Differential elastic scattering cross sections of Fe and Ni from 10 TO 700 keV , 1975 .

[32]  H. Beer,et al.  On the Calculation of Maxwellian-averaged Capture Cross Sections , 1992 .

[33]  B. Ye,et al.  Proton emission in reaction of 14.6-MeV neutrons with natural iron , 1996 .

[34]  Arjan J. Koning,et al.  Local and global nucleon optical models from 1 keV to 200 MeV , 2003 .

[35]  W. E. Kinney,et al.  NEUTRON ELASTIC- AND INELASTIC-SCATTERING CROSS SECTIONS FOR $sup 56$Fe IN THE ENERGY RANGE 4.19 TO 8.56 MeV. , 1970 .

[36]  R. Haight,et al.  Charged-particle emission in reactions of 15-MeV neutrons with isotopes of chromium, iron, nickel, and copper , 1979 .

[37]  N. M. Larson,et al.  56Fe and 60Ni Resonance Parameters , 1992 .

[38]  Kalbach.  Systematics of continuum angular distributions: Extensions to higher energies. , 1988, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[39]  J. Hamilton,et al.  56Fe and 58Fe(n, p) cross sections for 14·4 MeV neutrons , 1972 .

[40]  M. W. Herman,et al.  EMPIRE: Nuclear Reaction Model Code System for Data Evaluation , 2007 .

[41]  S. Kailas,et al.  RIPL – Reference Input Parameter Library for Calculation of Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Data Evaluations , 2009 .

[42]  U. Abbondanno,et al.  Gamma rays resulting from nonelastic processes of 14·2 MeV neutrons with sodium, magnesium, silicon, sulphur, titanium, chromium and iron , 1973 .

[43]  L. Zhang,et al.  Cross sections of theFe56(n,α)Cr53andFe54(n,α)Cr51reactions in the MeV region , 2015 .

[44]  H. Beer,et al.  keV neutron radiative capture and total cross section of 50, 52, 53Cr, 54, 57Fe, and 62, 64Ni , 1975 .

[45]  G. Paic,et al.  Measurements of (n, p) and (n, np) cross-sections for some Fe isotopes at 14.7 MeV , 1988 .

[46]  R. Haight,et al.  Neutron-Production Double-Differential Cross Sections for 100 MeV Neutron-Incidence on In , 2008 .

[47]  P. Moldauer.  Evaluation of the fluctuation enhancement factor , 1976 .

[48]  A. Hartmann,et al.  Inelastic scattering of fast neutrons from excited states in 56Fe , 2014 .

[49]  J. Kammerdiener.  Neutron spectra emitted by 239Pu, 238U, 235U, Pb, Nb, Ni, Al, and C irradiated by 14 MeV neutrons , 1972 .

[50]  R. Walter,et al.  Elastic and inelastic scattering of neutrons from 54, 56Fe and 63, 65Cu: (I). Measurements from 8 to 14 MeV and a spherical optical model analysis , 1982 .

[51]  H. Weidenmüller,et al.  Hauser-Feshbach Theory and Ericson Fluctuations in the Presence of Direct Reactions , 1973 .

[52]  I. L. Morgan,et al.  Gamma rays produced in the 56Fe(n, n′γ)56Fe reaction , 1966 .

[53]  B. Pritychenko,et al.  Towards a More Complete and Accurate Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data Library (EXFOR): International Collaboration Between Nuclear Reaction Data Centres (NRDC) , 2014, 2002.07114.

[54]  N. W. Hill,et al.  Solid-state effects on thermal-neutron cross sections and on low-energy resonances , 1983 .

[55]  Poppe,et al.  Test of microscopic optical model potentials for neutron elastic scattering at 14.6 MeV over a wide mass range. , 1985, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[56]  Walter,et al.  Energy dependence of the deformed optical potential for neutron scattering from 54,56Fe and 58,60Ni up to 80 MeV. , 1988, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[57]  M. Ivimey.  Annual report , 1958, IRE Transactions on Engineering Writing and Speech.

[58]  N. Fotiades,et al.  Cross section standards for neutron-induced gamma-ray production in the MeV energy range. , 2005 .

[59]  A. Smith.  Neutron scattering and models: iron , 1996 .

[60]  R. Capote,et al.  A Fully Lane-consistent Dispersive Optical Model Potential for Even Fe Isotopes Based on a Soft-rotator Model , 2014 .

[61]  H. Vonach,et al.  /sup 56/Fe(n,. cap alpha. )/sup 53/Cr and /sup 60/Ni(n,. cap alpha. )/sup 57/Fe reactions at E/sub n/ = 14. 1 MeV , 1984 .

[62]  R. Q. Wright,et al.  ENDF/B-VIII.0: The 8 th Major Release of the Nuclear Reaction Data Library with CIELO-project Cross Sections, New Standards and Thermal Scattering Data , 2018 .

[63]  Said F. Mughabghab,et al.  Atlas of neutron resonances , 2018 .

[64]  A. Brusegan,et al.  High Resolution Neutron Capture Cross Section Measurements of 56 Fe , 1980 .

[65]  A. Langsdorf,et al.  Angular Distributions of Scattered Neutrons , 1957 .

[66]  M. Bostan,et al.  14.6 MeV Neutron Induced Reaction Cross-Section Measurements , 1992 .

[67]  T. J. Howard,et al.  Neutron Scattering Cross Section Measurements for 56 Fe , 2017 .

[68]  J. Cabé,et al.  Recherche d'une structure intermédiaire dans les sections efficaces totales neutroniques , 1967 .

[69]  J. T. Lindow,et al.  Scattering of fast neutrons by 12C, 54Fe, 56Fe, 58Ni and 60Ni , 1971 .

[70]  T. A. Love,et al.  Cross sections for gamma-ray production by fast neutrons for 22 elements between Z = 3 and Z = 82 , 1977 .

[71]  Boris Pritychenko,et al.  The CIELO Collaboration: Neutron Reactions on 1H, 16O, 56Fe, 235,238U, and 239Pu , 2014 .

[72]  F. M. Mann,et al.  Phenomenology of continuum angular distributions. I. Systematics and parametrization , 1981 .

[73]  C. E. Brient,et al.  Neutron emission spectra and angular distributions at 25.7 MeV neutron bombarding energies , 1983 .

[74]  M. Bormann,et al.  (n, 2n) Anregungsfunktionen für54Fe,70Ge,74Se,85Rb,8688Sr,89Y,92Mo,204Hg im Neutronenenergiebereich 13–18 MeV , 1976 .

[75]  B. Allen,et al.  Resonance neutron capture in 58Fe , 1980 .

[76]  B. Allen,et al.  Resonance neutron capture in 56Fe , 1976 .

[77]  C. Engelbrecht,et al.  High-resolution fast-neutron cross sections of iron , 1968 .

[78]  S. Mughabghab.  Thermal neutron capture cross sections resonance integrals and g-factors , 2003 .

[79]  V. Mishchenko,et al.  Fast neutron elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections of54Fe , 1987 .

[80]  N. Nereson,et al.  Average Neutron Total Cross Sections in the 3- to 12-Mev Region , 1953 .

[81]  Romero,et al.  Measurements of 65 MeV Fe, Sn, and Pb(n,n'x) continuum cross sections. , 1996, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[82]  A. Mauri,et al.  Resonance Neutron Capture in Structural Materials , 1992 .

[83]  D. Foster,et al.  Neutron Total Cross Sections, 2.5-15 MeV. I. Experimental , 1971 .

[84]  Y. Ikeda,et al.  Activation cross section measurement of reactions producing short-lived nuclei at neutron energy between 13.4 MeV and 14.9 MeV , 1994 .

[85]  L. Biedenharn,et al.  The Angular Distribution of Scattering and Reaction Cross Sections , 1952 .

[86]  S. Qaim.  Activation cross sections, isomeric cross-section ratios and systematics of (n, 2n) reactions at 14–15 MeV , 1972 .

[87]  J. B. Briggs,et al.  The International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project , 2002 .

[88]  F. Käppeler,et al.  Neutron capture resonances in /sup 56/Fe and /sup 58/Fe in the energy range from 10 to 100 keV , 1983 .

[89]  A. Marcinkowski,et al.  A study of the neutron induced reactions for 19F, 56Fe and 59Co in the energy interval 16 to 22 MeV , 1978 .

[90]  Alan B. Smith.  Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Fast Neutrons fromTh232 , 1962 .

[91]  M. Walt,et al.  Interaction of 1.0-, 1.77-, 2.5-, 3.25-, and 7.0-Mev Neutrons with Nuclei , 1956 .

[92]  J. W. Tepel,et al.  Direct reactions and Hauser--Feshbach theory , 1975 .

[93]  E. Wollan,et al.  Total neutron cross sections at 1.44 eV , 1965 .

[94]  N. M. Larson,et al.  ENDF/B-VII.1 Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields and Decay Data , 2011 .

[95]  G. Stöcklin,et al.  Investigation of (n,t) reactions at 14.6 MeV and an analysis of some systematic trends in the cross-section data , 1976 .

[96]  R. W. Hockenbury,et al.  NEUTRON RADIATIVE CAPTURE IN Na, Al, Fe, AND Ni FROM 1 TO 200 keV. , 1969 .

[97]  Fred B. Bateman,et al.  Measurement of neutron total cross sections up to 560 MeV , 2001 .

[98]  C. Bowman,et al.  s- and p-wave neutron spectroscopy: Part VIII. Subshell effect on nuclear level spacing near A = 50 , 1962 .

[99]  L. Greenwood,et al.  Analysis of long-lived isotopes by liquid scintillation spectrometry , 1988 .

[100]  S. Qaim,et al.  A systematic study of (n, p) reactions at 14.7 MeV , 1977 .

[101]  Roberto Capote,et al.  Updating and extending the IRDF-2002 dosimetry library , 2012 .

[102]  J. Whalen,et al.  Total, scattering and γ-ray-production cross sections for few-MeV neutrons on 54Fe , 1986 .

[103]  Roberto Gallino,et al.  Neutron capture cross sections for the weak s process in massive stars , 2008 .

[104]  C. E. Brient,et al.  Cross sections and spectra for the sup 54 Fe and sup 56 Fe (n,xp) and (n,x. alpha. ) reactions between 8 and 15 MeV , 1991 .

[105]  Guinyun Kim,et al.  Measurement of keV-neutron capture cross-sections and capture γ-ray spectra of 56Fe and 57Fe , 2010 .

[106]  J. Robertson,et al.  The 56Fe(n, p)56Mn and 27Al(n, α)24Na cross sections at 14·78 MeV , 1973 .

[107]  Haixia An,et al.  Global deuteron optical model potential for the energy range up to 183 MeV , 2006 .

[108]  W. Kutschera,et al.  Determination of the stellar (n,?) cross section of Ca40 with accelerator mass spectrometry , 2009 .

[109]  Nils Olsson,et al.  Neutron elastic and inelastic scattering from Mg, Si, S, Ca, Cr, Fe and Ni AT En = 21.6 MeV , 1990 .

[110]  G. Stöcklin,et al.  A systematic investigation of (n,t) reactions at 14–15 MeV on medium and heavy mass nuclei , 1973 .

[111]  W. Abfalterer.  Level Widths and Level Densities of Nuclei in the 32 Less than or Equal to a Less than or Equal to 60 Mass Region Inferred from Fluctuation Analysis of Total Neutron Cross Sections , 2000 .

[112]  Kokooo,et al.  A TIME-OF-FLIGHT SPECTROMETER WITH PULSE-SHAPE DISCRIMINATION FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL CHARGED-PARTICLE EMISSION CROSS SECTIONS , 1997 .

[113]  J. Rapaport,et al.  Neutron elastic scattering at 11 MeV and the isospin dependence of the neutron-nucleus optical potential , 1977 .

[114]  Said F. Mughabghab,et al.  Atlas of Neutron Resonances: Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections. Z=1-100 , 2006 .

[115]  B. Allen,et al.  Valence neutron capture in 54Fe , 1977 .

[116]  G. Paić,et al.  Cross-section measurements of (n,p) and (n,np + pn + d) reactions for some titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, and zinc isotopes around 14 MeV , 1991 .

[117]  C. E. Brient,et al.  NEUTRON EMISSION CROSS SECTIONS AT 25. 7 MeV: 51V, 56Fe, 65Cu, 93Nb, AND 209Bi. , 1983 .

[118]  Y. Uwamino,et al.  High-energy p-Li neutron field for activation experiment , 1997 .

[119]  H. J. Nolthenius,et al.  Summary Description of the New International Reactor Dosimetry and Fusion File (IRDFF release 1.0) , 2012 .

[120]  Peter Steier,et al.  Precise measurement of the thermal and stellar Fe 54 (n,γ) Fe 55 cross sections via accelerator mass spectrometry , 2017 .

[121]  K. Shibata,et al.  JENDL-4.0: A New Library for Nuclear Science and Engineering , 2011 .

[122]  Y. Danon,et al.  Quasi-differential elastic and inelastic neutron scattering from iron in the MeV energy range , 2017 .

[123]  T. Tonai,et al.  Scattering of 14.1 MeV Neutrons from Fe , 1975 .

[124]  D. M. Hetrick,et al.  Update of ENDF/B-V Mod 3 iron: neutron-producing reaction cross sections and energy-angle correlations , 1986 .

[125]  F. Poortmans,et al.  Neutron Resonance Structure of 54Fe and 56Fe from High Resolution Total Cross Section Experiments , 1983 .

[126]  Howard Rosenbaum,et al.  Effects of reading proficiency on embedded stem priming in primary school children , 2021 .

[127]  E. Gadioli,et al.  The (n, d) reaction on Fe54 , 1962 .

[128]  R. Q. Wright,et al.  R-matrix analysis of 235U neutron transmission and cross-section measurements in the 0- to 2.25-keV energy range , 1999 .

[129]  F. Käppeler,et al.  Neutron capture cross sections for s-process studies , 1987 .

[130]  O. Jonsson,et al.  Nucleon-induced reactions at intermediate energies: New data at 96 MeV and theoretical status , 2004 .

[131]  J. C. Hopkins,et al.  Gamma-Ray-Production Cross Sections for Fast Neutron Interactions with Several Elements , 1970 .