Effects of ocean surface reflectance variation with solar elevation on normalized water-leaving radiance.

Effects of the ocean surface reflection for solar irradiance on the normalized water-leaving radiance in the visible wavelengths are evaluated and discussed for various conditions of the atmosphere, solar-zenith angles, and wind speeds. The surface reflection effects on water-leaving radiance are simply due to the fact that the radiance that is backscattered out of the water is directly proportional to the downward solar irradiance just beneath the ocean surface. The larger the solar-zenith angle, the less the downward solar irradiance just beneath the ocean surface (i.e., more photons are reflected by the ocean surface), leading to a reduced value of the radiance that is backscattered out of the ocean. For cases of large solar-zenith angles, the effects of surface irradiance reflection need to be accounted for in both the satellite-derived and in situ measured water-leaving radiances.

[1]  W. Munk,et al.  Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun’s Glitter , 1954 .

[2]  H. Gordon,et al.  Clear water radiances for atmospheric correction of coastal zone color scanner imagery. , 1981, Applied optics.

[3]  John T. O. Kirk,et al.  Dependence of relationship between inherent and apparent optical properties of water on solar altitude , 1984 .

[4]  James W. Brown,et al.  A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color , 1988 .

[5]  B Gentili,et al.  Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters: its dependence on Sun angle as influenced by the molecular scattering contribution. , 1991, Applied optics.

[6]  H. Gordon,et al.  Surface-roughness considerations for atmospheric correction of ocean color sensors. I: The Rayleigh-scattering component. , 1992, Applied optics.

[7]  B Gentili,et al.  Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. II Bidirectional aspects. , 1993, Applied optics.

[8]  Menghua Wang,et al.  Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: a preliminary algorithm. , 1994, Applied optics.

[9]  K. Voss,et al.  Bidirectional reflectance of oceanic waters: A comparison of modeled and measured upward radiance fields , 1995 .

[10]  B. Gentili,et al.  Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. III. Implication of bidirectionality for the remote-sensing problem. , 1996, Applied optics.

[11]  D. Antoine,et al.  Bidirectional reflectance of oceanic waters: accounting for Raman emission and varying particle scattering phase function. , 2002, Applied optics.

[12]  H. Gordon,et al.  Normalized water-leaving radiance: revisiting the influence of surface roughness. , 2005, Applied optics.

[13]  K. Voss,et al.  Bidirectional reflectance function for oceanic waters with varying chlorophyll concentrations: Measurements versus predictions , 2005 .