Working memory of auditory localization.

To investigate brain mechanisms of sound location memory, we studied the distribution of brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in subjects performing an audiospatial n-back task with three memory load levels. Working memory processing of audiospatial information activated areas in the superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri, and in the posterior parietal and middle temporal cortices. In a control experiment, fMRI during audio- and visuospatial 2-back task performances revealed only few differentially activated subregions between the two tasks. These results demonstrate that working memory processing of auditory locations involves a distributed network of brain areas and suggest that mnemonic processing of audio- and visuospatial information is directed along a common neural pathway in the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices.

[1]  W. D. Neff,et al.  Role of auditory cortex in discrimination requiring localization of sound in space. , 1956, Journal of neurophysiology.

[2]  J. Goldberg,et al.  Functional organization of the dog superior olivary complex: an anatomical and electrophysiological study. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[3]  K. Heilman,et al.  Auditory neglect in man. , 1972, Archives of neurology.

[4]  M. Merzenich,et al.  Responses of neurons in auditory cortex of the macaque monkey to monaural and binaural stimulation. , 1973, Journal of neurophysiology.

[5]  P. Roland,et al.  Different cortical areas in man in organization of voluntary movements in extrapersonal space. , 1980, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  J. Fuster.  Prefrontal Cortex , 2018 .

[7]  M. Azuma,et al.  Properties and distribution of auditory neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the alert monkey , 1984, Brain Research.

[8]  E. Bisiach,et al.  Disorders of perceived auditory lateralization after lesions of the right hemisphere. , 1984, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[9]  S. Wise.  The primate premotor cortex: past, present, and preparatory. , 1985, Annual review of neuroscience.

[10]  E. Vaadia,et al.  Unit study of monkey frontal cortex: active localization of auditory and of visual stimuli. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[11]  P. C. Murphy,et al.  Cerebral Cortex , 2017, Cerebral Cortex.

[12]  J. Talairach,et al.  Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: 3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging , 1988 .

[13]  R. Passingham.  Premotor cortex and the retrieval of movement. , 1989, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[14]  J. Duhamel,et al.  Audio-Spatial Deficits in Humans: Differential Effects Associated with Left Versus Right Hemisphere Parietal Damage , 1989, Cortex.

[15]  M. Farah,et al.  Parietal lobe mechanisms of spatial attention: Modality-specific or supramodal? , 1989, Neuropsychologia.

[16]  H. Heffner,et al.  Effect of bilateral auditory cortex lesions on sound localization in Japanese macaques. , 1990, Journal of neurophysiology.

[17]  R. Zatorre,et al.  Role of the right temporal neocortex in retention of pitch in auditory short-term memory. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[18]  R. Turner,et al.  Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[19]  L. Kaufman,et al.  Changes in cortical activity when subjects scan memory for tones. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[20]  Alan C. Evans,et al.  Functional activation of the human frontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[21]  J. Mazziotta,et al.  Automated image registration , 1993 .

[22]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory , 1993, Nature.

[23]  Alan C. Evans,et al.  Neural mechanisms underlying melodic perception and memory for pitch , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[24]  H. Damasio.  Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images , 1995 .

[25]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Activation of human prefrontal cortex during spatial and nonspatial working memory tasks measured by functional MRI. , 1996, Cerebral cortex.

[26]  R. Andersen,et al.  Spatially tuned auditory responses in area LIP of macaques performing delayed memory saccades to acoustic targets. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[27]  R. Knight,et al.  Prefrontal and posterior cortical activation during auditory working memory. , 1996, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[28]  E. Knudsen,et al.  Disruption of auditory spatial working memory by inactivation of the forebrain archistriatum in barn owls , 1996, Nature.

[29]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex. , 1996, Cerebral cortex.

[30]  A. Rees,et al.  Evidence for a sound movement area in the human cerebral cortex , 1996, Nature.

[31]  J. Jonides,et al.  Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET. , 1996, Cerebral cortex.

[32]  J. Fuster.  The Prefrontal Cortex , 1997 .

[33]  N. Soroker,et al.  Auditory inattention in right-hemisphere-damaged patients with and without visual neglect , 1997, Neuropsychologia.

[34]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Verbal Working Memory Load Affects Regional Brain Activation as Measured by PET , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[35]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task , 1997, Nature.

[36]  F. Rubia,et al.  Event-related potentials during memorization of spatial locations in the auditory and visual modalities. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[37]  B. J. McCurtain,et al.  Dorsal cortical regions subserving visually guided saccades in humans: an fMRI study. , 1998, Cerebral cortex.

[38]  G. Ojemann,et al.  Neurons in Human Temporal Cortex Active with Verbal Associative Learning , 1998, Brain and Language.

[39]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. , 1998, Archives of general psychiatry.

[40]  S. Carlson,et al.  Distribution of cortical activation during visuospatial n-back tasks as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. , 1998, Cerebral cortex.

[41]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[42]  Scott T. Grafton,et al.  Automated image registration: I. General methods and intrasubject, intramodality validation. , 1998, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[43]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Human Brain Mapping 6:14–32(1998) � Dissociation of Mnemonic and Perceptual Processes During Spatial and Nonspatial Working Memory Using fMRI , 2022 .

[44]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  Right parietal cortex is involved in the perception of sound movement in humans , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[45]  R. Knight,et al.  Contribution of Human Prefrontal Cortex to Delay Performance , 1998, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[46]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. , 1998, Science.

[47]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Dual streams of auditory afferents target multiple domains in the primate prefrontal cortex , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[48]  J. Kaas,et al.  Auditory processing in primate cerebral cortex , 1999, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[49]  J. Sweeney,et al.  Cognitive functional magnetic resonance imaging at very-high-field: eye movement control. , 1999, Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI.

[50]  R. Andersen,et al.  Responses to auditory stimuli in macaque lateral intraparietal area. II. Behavioral modulation. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[51]  J. Rauschecker,et al.  A PET study of human auditory spatial processing , 1999, Neuroscience Letters.

[52]  J. Rauschecker,et al.  Modality-specific frontal and parietal areas for auditory and visual spatial localization in humans , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[53]  R. Bowtell,et al.  The effect of scanner sound in visual, motor, and auditory functional MRI , 1999, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[54]  R. Spinks.  The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. , 2000 .

[55]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Modulation of slow brain potentials by working memory load in spatial and nonspatial auditory tasks , 2000, Neuropsychologia.