Precision navigation and timing enabled by microtechnology: Are we there yet?

This paper reviews currently recognized needs for advances in precision navigation and timing technology, summarizes ongoing efforts, and discusses future technological developments being pursued under the aggregated DARPA/MTO Microtechnology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (μPNT) program.

[1]  J. Kitching,et al.  Micromachined alkali atom vapor cells for chip-scale atomic clocks , 2004, 17th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. Maastricht MEMS 2004 Technical Digest.

[2]  Mark J. Mescher,et al.  VCSELs for atomic clocks , 2006, SPIE OPTO.

[3]  J. Kitching,et al.  Microfabricated atomic clocks , 2005, 18th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, 2005. MEMS 2005..

[4]  Mathew Varghese,et al.  Hermetic vacuum sealing of MEMS devices containing organic components , 2010, MOEMS-MEMS.

[5]  V. Gerginov,et al.  Advances in chip-scale atomic frequency references at NIST , 2007, SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications.

[6]  Atomic vapor cells for miniature frequency references , 2003, IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition Jointly with the 17th European Frequency and Time Forum, 2003. Proceedings of the 2003.

[7]  J. Kitching,et al.  Atomic vapor cells for chip-scale atomic clocks with improved long-term frequency stability. , 2005, Optics letters.

[8]  R. Lutwak,et al.  An ultra-low-power physics package for a chip-scale atomic clock , 2005, The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS '05..

[9]  J. Kitching,et al.  Performance of small-scale frequency references , 2002, Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.02CH37234).

[10]  J. DeNatale,et al.  Compact, low-power chip-scale atomic clock , 2008, 2008 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium.

[11]  Mark Prouty,et al.  VCSELs for atomic sensors , 2007, SPIE OPTO.

[12]  Vladislav Gerginov,et al.  Chip-Scale Atomic Frequency References , 2005 .

[13]  R. Lutwak.  The Chip-Scale Atomic Clock - Recent developments , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 22nd European Frequency and Time forum.

[14]  J. Leblanc,et al.  The Miniature Atomic Clock - Pre-Production Results , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 21st European Frequency and Time Forum.

[15]  W. K. Chan,et al.  RF-Interrogated End-State Chip-Scale Atomic Clock , 2007 .

[16]  D. W. Allan,et al.  Accurate Time and Frequency Transfer During Common-View of a GPS Satellite , 1980 .

[17]  L. Cutler,et al.  Narrow linewidth CPT signal in small vapor cells for chip scale atomic clocks , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004..

[18]  Y. Lee,et al.  Thermal and Structural Analysis of a Suspended Physics Package for a Chip-Scale Atomic Clock , 2009 .

[19]  Svenja Knappe,et al.  Miniature vapor-cell atomic-frequency references , 2002 .

[20]  A. Kourepenis,et al.  Error sources in in-plane silicon tuning-fork MEMS gyroscopes , 2006, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[21]  J. Kitching,et al.  Towards chip-scale atomic clocks , 2005, ISSCC. 2005 IEEE International Digest of Technical Papers. Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005..

[22]  M. Varghese,et al.  The MAC - a miniature atomic clock , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005..

[23]  J. Kitching,et al.  Microfabricated alkali atom vapor cells , 2004 .

[24]  R. Lutwak,et al.  Low-power, 4.6-GHz, Stable Oscillator for CSAC. , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition.

[25]  J.R. Vig,et al.  Military applications of high accuracy frequency standards and clocks , 1993, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[26]  Svenja Knappe,et al.  Chip-scale atomic devices at NIST , 2006, International School on Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and Applications.

[27]  D. Youngner,et al.  A Manufacturable Chip-Scale Atomic Clock , 2007, TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference.

[28]  L. Hollberg,et al.  Microfabricated atomic frequency references , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004..