Human Visual Perception

The following chapter outlines the properties of the human visual system as optical system as well as the processing stages taking place between the capturing of light in the retina and generation of a mental scene representation in the visual cortex. Therefore, the visual pathway is followed from the neuronal cascade triggered by electromagnetic stimulation of the retina, which routes through the visual preprocessor (lateral geniculate nucleus) and terminates in the visual cortex where the neuronal signal is reassembled to a mental reflection of the viewed scene. Furthermore, a closer look on the subconscious processing of depth and motion cues as well as on visual search-and-find is taken. Especially the role of lower level neuronal processing stages in the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus and their sensitivity to pictorial cues is analyzed. Based on these findings new rendering techniques may manipulate the output of low level neuronal processing stages by utilizing pictorial cues to induce or enhance the perception of distance, velocity, or saliency.

[1]  Robert van Liere,et al.  Fast perception-based depth of field rendering , 2000, VRST '00.

[2]  A. Glennerster,et al.  PII: S0042-6989(97)00213-7 , 2003 .

[3]  Tom Troscianko,et al.  The role of colour as a monocular depth cue , 1991, Vision Research.

[4]  D. Marr,et al.  Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes , 1978, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[5]  G. Orban,et al.  Specificity of regions processing biological motion , 2005, The European journal of neuroscience.

[6]  P. Lennie,et al.  Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivities of neurones in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[7]  Adam Finkelstein,et al.  Directing gaze in 3D models with stylized focus , 2006, EGSR '06.

[8]  James F. O'Brien,et al.  Using blur to affect perceived distance and size , 2010, TOGS.

[9]  J. Koenderink,et al.  Pictorial surface attitude and local depth comparisons , 1996, Perception & psychophysics.

[10]  Brian A. Barsky.  Vision-realistic rendering: simulation of the scanned foveal image from wavefront data of human subjects , 2004, APGV '04.

[11]  Michael S. Landy,et al.  Visual perception of texture , 2002 .

[12]  R. Masland.  The fundamental plan of the retina , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[13]  James A. Van Allen,et al.  Space Science, Space Technology and the Space Station , 1986 .

[14]  H. Spekreijse,et al.  An improved mathematical description of the foveal visual point spread function with parameters for age, pupil size and pigmentation , 1993, Vision Research.

[15]  Christoph Rößing.  Video and image manipulation for enhanced perception , 2014 .

[16]  B. G. Cumming,et al.  Vertical disparities and perception of three-dimensional shape , 1991, Nature.

[17]  Rui Wang,et al.  Real‐time Depth of Field Rendering via Dynamic Light Field Generation and Filtering , 2010, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[18]  B Moulden,et al.  Collator units: second-stage orientational filters. , 1994, Ciba Foundation symposium.

[19]  C. A. Burbeck,et al.  Occlusion edge blur: a cue to relative visual depth. , 1996, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[20]  J. Wolfe,et al.  Guided Search 2.0 A revised model of visual search , 1994, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[21]  Oliver Deussen,et al.  Image enhancement by unsharp masking the depth buffer , 2006, SIGGRAPH 2006.

[22]  Adolf Wohlgemuth,et al.  On the after-effect of seen movement , 2015 .

[23]  Shinsuke Shimojo,et al.  Visual surface representation: a critical link between lower-level and higher level vision , 1995 .

[24]  C. Koch,et al.  Computational modelling of visual attention , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[25]  E. Hess,et al.  Pupil Size as Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli , 1960, Science.

[26]  George Mather,et al.  Image blur as a pictorial depth cue , 1996, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[27]  Hans-Peter Seidel,et al.  MovieReshape: tracking and reshaping of humans in videos , 2010, SIGGRAPH 2010.

[28]  N. Kanwisher,et al.  Activation in Human MT/MST by Static Images with Implied Motion , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[29]  R. Shapley,et al.  The spatial transformation of color in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[30]  Pascal Mamassian,et al.  Illusory motion from shadows , 1996, Nature.

[31]  G. Mather.  The Use of Image Blur as a Depth Cue , 1997, Perception.

[32]  Silvia Miksch,et al.  Useful Properties of Semantic Depth of Field for Better F+C Visualization , 2002, VisSym.

[33]  Anatole Lécuyer,et al.  Using an Eye-Tracking System to Improve Camera Motions and Depth-of-Field Blur Effects in Virtual Environments , 2008, 2008 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference.

[34]  I. Howard,et al.  Development and pathology of binocular vision , 1996 .

[35]  A. Stockman,et al.  The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype , 2000, Vision Research.

[36]  P. Riordan-Eva,et al.  Comprar Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology | E. Cunningham | 9780071634205 | MCGRAW HILL , 2011 .

[37]  Michael S. Landy,et al.  Integration of stereopsis and motion shape cues , 1994, Vision Research.

[38]  J. Enns,et al.  Rembrandt's Textural Agency: A Shared Perspective in Visual Art and Science , 2010, Leonardo.

[39]  S. Blackburn,et al.  Contrast as a depth cue , 1994, Vision Research.

[40]  P. Lennie,et al.  Color vision: Putting it together , 2000, Current Biology.

[41]  D. G. Albrecht,et al.  Spatial frequency selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex , 1982, Vision Research.

[42]  Michael Potmesil,et al.  A lens and aperture camera model for synthetic image generation , 1981, SIGGRAPH '81.

[43]  Robert L. Cook,et al.  Distributed ray tracing , 1984, SIGGRAPH.

[44]  M. Morgan,et al.  Perceived diagonals in grids and lattices , 1989, Vision Research.

[45]  Jonathan M. Garibaldi,et al.  Real-Time Correlation-Based Stereo Vision with Reduced Border Errors , 2002, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[46]  H. Bülthoff,et al.  Depth Discrimination from Shading under Diffuse Lighting , 2000, Perception.

[47]  D. Baylor,et al.  How photoreceptor cells respond to light. , 1987, Scientific American.

[48]  W. Newsome,et al.  Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. I. Mechanisms of direction and speed selectivity in extrastriate area MT. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[49]  Zijiang J. He,et al.  Distance determined by the angular declination below the horizon , 2001, Nature.

[50]  David J. Field,et al.  Contour integration by the human visual system: Evidence for a local “association field” , 1993, Vision Research.

[51]  R. Desimone,et al.  Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. , 1995, Annual review of neuroscience.

[52]  Feng Li,et al.  Dynamic Depth of Field on Live Video Streams: A Stereo Solution , 2011 .

[53]  Jeannette A. M. Lorteije,et al.  Adaptation to Real Motion Reveals Direction-selective Interactions between Real and Implied Motion Processing , 2007, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[54]  S. Palmer,et al.  Edge-region grouping in figure-ground organization and depth perception. , 2008, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[55]  J. Winawer,et al.  A Motion Aftereffect From Still Photographs Depicting Motion , 2008, Psychological science.

[56]  D. Burr,et al.  Seeing objects in motion , 1986, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[57]  R. Watt,et al.  Spatial filters and the localization of luminance changes in human vision , 1984, Vision Research.

[58]  V. Bruce,et al.  Visual perception: physiology, psychology and ecology. Fourth edition , 2003 .

[59]  David C. Knill.  Discrimination of planar surface slant from texture: human and ideal observers compared , 1998, Vision Research.

[60]  W. Rushton.  Rhodopsin measurement and dark‐adaptation in a subject deficient in cone vision , 1961, The Journal of physiology.

[61]  J. Robson,et al.  Application of fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[62]  Paul Fearing.  Importance Ordering for Real-Time Depth of Field , 1995, ICSC.

[63]  M J Tarr,et al.  Is human object recognition better described by geon structural descriptions or by multiple views? Comment on Biederman and Gerhardstein (1993). , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[64]  C. Blakemore.  The range and scope of binocular depth discrimination in man , 1970, The Journal of physiology.

[65]  John P. Frisby,et al.  Interaction of stereo, texture and outline cues in the shape perception of three-dimensional ridges , 1993, Vision Research.

[66]  I. Biederman,et al.  Recognizing depth-rotated objects: Evidence and conditions for three-dimensional viewpoint invariance. , 1993 .

[67]  D Marr,et al.  Early processing of visual information. , 1976, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[68]  John Ross,et al.  Direct Evidence That “Speedlines” Influence Motion Mechanisms , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[69]  Heinrich H. Bülthoff,et al.  Integration of Stereo, Shading and Texture , 1990 .

[70]  Przemyslaw Rokita,et al.  Generating depth of-field effects in virtual reality applications , 1996, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[71]  R. W. Rodieck.  The First Steps in Seeing , 1998 .

[72]  Wilson S. Geisler,et al.  Motion streaks provide a spatial code for motion direction , 1999, Nature.

[73]  Whitman Richards,et al.  Stereopsis and stereoblindness , 2006, Experimental Brain Research.

[74]  E. Bullmore,et al.  The functional neuroanatomy of implicit-motion perception or ‘representational momentum’ , 2000, Current Biology.

[75]  I. Biederman,et al.  Recognizing depth-rotated objects: evidence and conditions for three-dimensional viewpoint invariance. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[76]  A. Treisman,et al.  A feature-integration theory of attention , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[77]  Alex Pentland,et al.  A New Sense for Depth of Field , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[78]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[79]  W. H. Ittelson,et al.  Size as a cue to distance; radial motion. , 1951, The American journal of psychology.

[80]  G. Mather,et al.  Blur Discrimination and its Relation to Blur-Mediated Depth Perception , 2002, Perception.