A class of analysis-by-synthesis predictive coders for high quality speech coding at rates between 4.8 and 16 kbit/s

The general structure of this class of coders is reviewed, and the particulars of its members are discussed. The different analysis procedures are described, and the contributions of the various coder parameters to the performance of the coder are examined. Quantization procedures for each transmitted parameter are given along with examples of bit allocations. The speech quality produced by these coders is high at 16 kb/s and good at 8 kb/s, but only fair at 4.8 kb/s. The use of postprocessing techniques changes the performance at lower rates, but more research is needed to further improve the coders. >

[1]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  An Algorithm for the Design of Labeled-Transition Finite-State Vector Quantizers , 1985, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[2]  P. Mabilleau,et al.  Fast CELP coding based on algebraic codes , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[3]  Allen Gersho,et al.  Real-time vector APC speech coding at 4800 bps with adaptive postfiltering , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[4]  Bishnu S. Atal,et al.  A new model of LPC excitation for producing natural-sounding speech at low bit rates , 1982, ICASSP.

[5]  Allen Gersho,et al.  Complexity reduction methods for vector excitation coding , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[6]  J. Makhoul,et al.  Vector quantization in speech coding , 1985, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[7]  B. Atal,et al.  Optimizing digital speech coders by exploiting masking properties of the human ear , 1978 .

[8]  Biing-Hwang Juang,et al.  Line spectrum pair (LSP) and speech data compression , 1984, ICASSP.

[9]  M. R. Schroeder,et al.  Adaptive predictive coding of speech signals , 1970, Bell Syst. Tech. J..

[10]  P. Noll,et al.  Multipath Search Coding of Stationary Signals with Applications to Speech , 1982, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[11]  Thomas M. Cover,et al.  Enumerative source encoding , 1973, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[12]  Ed F. Deprettere,et al.  Experimental evaluation of different approaches to the multi-pulse coder , 1984, ICASSP.

[13]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  Finite-state vector quantization for waveform coding , 1985, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[14]  B. Atal,et al.  Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria , 1979 .

[15]  D. Lin.  Speech coding using efficient pseudo-stochastic block codes , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[16]  John E. Markel,et al.  Linear Prediction of Speech , 1976, Communication and Cybernetics.

[17]  Peter Kabal,et al.  Efficient computation and encoding of the multipulse excitation for LPC , 1984, ICASSP.

[18]  F. Itakura,et al.  Spectral smoothing technique in PARCOR speech analysis-synthesis , 1978 .

[19]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  The Design of Trellis Waveform Coders , 1982, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[20]  Peter Kabal,et al.  Stability and performance analysis of pitch filters in speech coders , 1987, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[21]  David J. Goodman,et al.  Subjective evaluation of pcm coded speech , 1976, The Bell System Technical Journal.

[22]  A W Huggins,et al.  Speech quality evaluation using "phoneme-specific" sentences. , 1985, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[23]  Peter Kroon.  Time-domain coding of (near) toll quality speech at rates below 16 kb/s (linear prediction, multi-pulse) , 1985 .

[24]  Ed F. Deprettere,et al.  Regular-pulse excitation-A novel approach to effective and efficient multipulse coding of speech , 1986, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[25]  B. Atal,et al.  Improved quantizer for adaptive predictive coding of speech signals at low bit rates , 1980, ICASSP.

[26]  K. Ozawa,et al.  Low bit rate multi-pulse speech coder with natural speech quality , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[27]  V. Ramamoorthy,et al.  Enhancement of ADPCM speech by adaptive postfiltering , 1984, AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal.

[28]  Man Mohan Sondhi,et al.  Enhancement of ADPCM speech coding with backward-adaptive algorithms for postfiltering and noise feedback , 1988, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[29]  Manfred R. Schroeder,et al.  Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates , 1985, ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[30]  John Makhoul,et al.  Adaptive noise spectral shaping and entropy coding in predictive coding of speech , 1979 .

[31]  D. Sereno,et al.  Vector quantization and perceptual criteria for low-rate coding of speech , 1985, ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[32]  Yair Shoham.  Vector predictive quantization of the spectral parameters for low rate speech coding , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[33]  Bishnu S. Atal,et al.  Improving performance of multi-pulse LPC coders at low bit rates , 1984, ICASSP.

[34]  Bishnu S. Atal,et al.  Optimizing LPC filter parameters for multi-pulse excitation , 1983, ICASSP.

[35]  Ed F. Deprettere,et al.  Design and VLSI Implementation of a Concurrent Solver for N-Coupled Least-Squares Fitting Problems , 1986, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[36]  Bishnu S. Atal.  Predictive Coding of Speech at Low Bit Rates , 1982, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[37]  Thomas P. Barnwell,et al.  The self excited vocoder - an alternate approach to toll quality at 4800 bps , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[38]  J. Pieter M. Schalkwijk,et al.  An algorithm for source coding , 1972, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[39]  Isabel Trancoso,et al.  Efficient procedures for finding the optimum innovation in stochastic coders , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[40]  Peter No,et al.  Digital Coding of Waveforms , 1986 .

[41]  R. Gray,et al.  Vector quantization , 1984, IEEE ASSP Magazine.