Traitement chirurgical du prolapsus total du rectum

Le prolapsus total du rectum survient lorsque plusieurs conditions anatomiques sont reunies : rectum hyperlaxe et vertical, sigmoide long et mobile, sphincter anal hypotonique, perinee faible et enfin cul-de-sac de Douglas profond. Il peut etre constitutionnel ou acquis, notamment par des poussees abdominales intenses et prolongees. L’evolution spontanee se fait vers la repetition des exteriorisations, puis vers la survenue de douleurs, d’une incontinence anale, d’ulcerations rectales, d’hemorragies et enfin d’etranglement, avec risque de necrose. L’indication operatoire est pour cela recommandee. Les interventions par voie perineale sont au nombre de deux : 1) l’operation de Delorme consiste a depouiller le rectum exteriorise de sa muqueuse et a plicaturer la musculeuse pour la reintegrer au-dessus du plancher pelvien en suturant enfin la muqueuse ; 2) l’operation d’Altemeier se propose de resequer le prolapsus et son mesorectum, realisant une veritable resection rectale par voie perineale, suivie d’une anastomose coloanale. L’inconvenient majeur de ces operations perineales est de comporter un taux de recidive precoce atteignant les 30 %. Les interventions par voie abdominale ont tendance a prendre le pas sur les precedentes, grâce a l’avenement de la cœlioscopie : le cul-de-sac de Douglas est reseque et le rectum est moderement tendu vers le promontoire lombosacre par l’intermediaire de bandelettes non resorbables. L’absence d’exerese suppose de petites incisions et, partant, l’absence de morbidite lourde parietale ou intraperitoneale. Les douleurs sont minimes et la duree de sejour courte. Le taux de recidive est ainsi inferieur a 5 %.

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