Behaving and communicating: A reply to Motley

Two propositions that have been treated as equivalent ("All behavior is communication” and “one cannot not communicate") are separated, on logical grounds, into two separate questions: “Is all nonverbal behavior communicative?” and “In an interactional setting, is there always some communicative behavior?” I suggest that both should be treated as hypotheses, not axioms, and outline empirical tests for both. The essay also specifies agreement and disagreement with other points in Motley's (1990) article.