The homogeneous chemistry of atmospheric sulfur

Sulfur is present in the atmosphere as a constituent of more than 15 compounds and in valence states ranging from −2 to +6. Nearly all of the compounds have both natural and anthropogenic sources. This paper reviews the present information on the reactions of these compounds and their products with typical atmospheric species. It is shown that atmospheric sulfur chemistry proceeds monotonically in the direction of increasing sulfur oxidation and that the gas phase transformation of reduced sulfur compounds to sulfate aerosol in all ambient atmospheres can be described by a common chain consisting of five chemical steps followed by a heterogeneous loss process.

[1]  T. Graedel.  The oxidation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and methane in nonurban tropospheres , 1977 .

[2]  R. A. Perry,et al.  Rate constants for the reaction of the OH radical with CH3SH and CH3NH2 over the temperature range 299–426 °K , 1977 .

[3]  J. Seinfeld,et al.  Chemical kinetics of homogeneous atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide. , 1976, Environmental science & technology.

[4]  W. A. Payne,et al.  Absolute rate of the reaction of O(3P) with hydrogen sulfide over the temperature range 263 to 495 K , 1976 .

[5]  Ulrich Platt,et al.  OH ‐ Radicals in the lower troposphere , 1976 .

[6]  R. A. Perry,et al.  Rate constants for the reactions of the OH radical with NO2 (M=Ar and N2) and SO2 (M=Ar) , 1976 .

[7]  D. Gutman,et al.  Direct identification of reactive routes and measurement of rate constants in the reactions of oxygen atoms with methanethiol, ethanethiol, and methylsulfide , 1976 .

[8]  R. A. Perry,et al.  Rate constants for the reactions OH+H2S→H2O+SH and OH+NH3 →H2O+NH2 over the temperature range 297–427 °K , 1976 .

[9]  W. Breckenridge,et al.  A kinetic study of the very fast reaction: O(3P)+CS→CO‡ +S(3P) , 1976 .

[10]  R. Timmons,et al.  Absolute rate parameters for the reaction of ground state atomic oxygen with dimethyl sulfide and episulfide , 1976 .

[11]  J. D. Mcdonald,et al.  Infrared chemiluminescence studies of the reactions of oxygen (3P) atoms with carbon disulfide and carbon monosulfide , 1976 .

[12]  T. Graedel.  Sulfur dioxide, sulfate aerosol, and urban ozone , 1976 .

[13]  Paul J. Crutzen,et al.  The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere , 1976 .

[14]  L. L. Spiller,et al.  Infrared Measurement of Fluorocarbons, Carbon Tetrachloride, Carbonyl Sulfide, And Other Atmospheric Trace Gases , 1975 .

[15]  R. Charlson,et al.  Aerosol Chemical Parameters and Air Mass Character in the St. Louis Region , 1975, Science.

[16]  A. Bass,et al.  Rate constants of the combination of methyl radicals with nitric oxide and oxygen , 1975 .

[17]  K. Asmus,et al.  Primary steps in the reactions of organic disulfides with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution , 1975 .

[18]  D. Garvin,et al.  Chemical kinetic and photochemical data for modelling atmospheric chemistry. Final report , 1975 .

[19]  D. R. Hitchcock.  Dimethyl sulfide emissions to the global atmosphere , 1975 .

[20]  S. Toby,et al.  Reaction between ozone and hydrogen sulfide , 1975 .

[21]  A. Singleton,et al.  Performance and Problems of Claus Plant Operation on Coke Oven Acid Gases , 1975 .

[22]  R. A. Cox,et al.  The photo-oxidation of hydrogen sulphide and dimethyl sulphide in air. , 1974, Atmospheric environment.

[23]  K. Demerjian,et al.  A kinetic study of the chemistry of the SO2 (3B1) reactions with cis- and trans-2-butene , 1974 .

[24]  B. Kleiner,et al.  Measurements of extreme concentrations of tropospheric hydrogen sulfide , 1974 .

[25]  B. Lighthart,et al.  Air pollution and microbial ecology , 1974 .

[26]  D. D. Davis,et al.  Stop-flow time-of-flight mass spectrometry kinetics study. Reaction of ozone with nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide , 1974 .

[27]  D. Gutman,et al.  Kinetics of the reaction between oxygen atoms and carbon disulfide , 1974 .

[28]  Howard Reiss,et al.  Hydrates in supersaturated binary sulfuric acid‐water vapor , 1974 .

[29]  H. Schlegel.  Production, modification, and consumption of atmospheric trace gases by microorganisms , 1974 .

[30]  R. A. Rasmussen,et al.  Emission of biogenic hydrogen sulfide , 1974 .

[31]  E. J. Challis.  The approach of industry to the assessment of environmental hazards , 1974, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[32]  R. Stoiber,et al.  Sulfur Dioxide Contributions to the Atmosphere by Volcanoes , 1973, Science.

[33]  W. A. Payne,et al.  Kinetics study of the reaction of hydroperoxyl radical with sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide , 1973 .

[34]  W. Pollock,et al.  Trace constituents emitted to the atmosphere by Hawaiian volcanoes , 1973 .

[35]  A. Wartburg,et al.  Background Trace Gas Concentrations in the Central United States R. J. BREEDING, J.P. LODGE, JR., J. B. PATE, D.C. SHEESLEY, H. B. KLONI$, B. FOGLE, J. A. ANDERSON, T. R. ENGIERT, P. L. HAAGENSON, R. B. , 1973 .

[36]  A. T. Huntingdon,et al.  The Collection and Analysis of Volcanic Gases from Mount Etna [and Discussion] , 1973 .

[37]  D. Davis,et al.  A flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence kinetics study of ground‐state sulfur atoms. II. Rate parameters for reaction of S(3P) with C2H4 , 1972 .

[38]  J. Lovelock,et al.  Atmospheric Dimethyl Sulphide and the Natural Sulphur Cycle , 1972, Nature.

[39]  M. Bentley,et al.  The photolysis of dimethyl sulfide in air. , 1972, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.

[40]  E. R. Allen,et al.  The Sulfur Cycle , 1972, Science.

[41]  W. Rose,et al.  Organic Compounds in Volcanic Gas from Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala , 1971 .

[42]  D. Sethi.  Photo-Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide , 1971 .

[43]  J. Calvert,et al.  Triplet sulfur dioxide-carbon monoxide reaction excited with the SO2(1A1).far.SO2(3B1) "forbidden" band , 1971 .

[44]  G. Reinhardt,et al.  Mechanism of the photolysis of sulfur dioxide-paraffin hydrocarbon mixtures , 1971 .

[45]  E. Damon,et al.  Mechanism of the photolysis of mixtures of sulfur dioxide with olefin and aromatic hydrocarbons , 1971 .

[46]  G. Reinhardt,et al.  Decay processes in the triplet sulfur dioxide molecule excited at 3828.8 Ang , 1971 .

[47]  R. Timmons.  THE PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED REACTIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE WITH ALKANES AND CARBON MONOXIDE * , 1970 .

[48]  W. Burnett,et al.  Air pollution from animal wastes. Determination of malodors by gas chromatographic and organoleptic techniques , 1969 .

[49]  Frank V. Wilby,et al.  Variation in Recognition Odor Threshold of a Panel , 1969 .

[50]  B. Thrush,et al.  The kinetics of elementary reactions involving the oxides of sulphur I. The nature of the sulphur dioxide afterglow , 1966, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[51]  I. Williams.  Gas chromatographic techniques for the identification of low concentrations of atmospheric pollutants , 1965 .

[52]  Y. Suzuki,et al.  STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL. 1. ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES. , 1964, The Tokushima journal of experimental medicine.

[53]  R. E. George,et al.  Contaminant emissions from the combustion of fuels. , 1960, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.

[54]  B. Nagy,et al.  Preliminary investigations of the pyrolysis products of insoluble polymer-like components of atmospheric particulates , 1976 .

[55]  D. R. Hitchcock.  Atmospheric sulfates from biological sources. , 1976, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.

[56]  Thomas E. Graedel,et al.  Kinetic studies of the photochemistry of the urban troposphere , 1976 .

[57]  J. R. Richards,et al.  The influence of molecular complexes on the photooxidation of sulfur dioxide , 1976 .

[58]  D. D. Davis,et al.  Atmospheric gas phase oxidation mechanisms for the molecule SO/sub 2/ , 1975 .

[59]  K. Becker,et al.  Reaction of ozone with hydrogen sulfide and its organic derivatives , 1975 .

[60]  U. Schurath,et al.  Aerosol analysis by field desorption mass spectrometry combined with a new sampling technique , 1975 .

[61]  J. Calvert,et al.  Computer simulation of the rates and mechanisms of photochemical smog formation , 1975 .

[62]  E. Bigg,et al.  Chemical tests for individual submicron aerosol particles , 1974 .

[63]  R. F. Hampson,et al.  Chemical kinetics data survey vii. tables of rate and photochemical data for modelling of the stratosphere (revised) , 1974 .

[64]  D. R. Forshey,et al.  Coal mine combustion products: neoprenes, polyvinyl chloride compositions, urethane foam, and wood. [Toxicity of products] , 1974 .

[65]  K. Schofield.  Evaluated Chemical Kinetic Rate Constants for Various Gas Phase Reactions , 1973 .

[66]  D. Garvin.  Chemical kinetics data survey IV. Preliminary tables of chemical data for modelling of the stratosphere , 1973 .

[67]  J. P. Friend.  The Global Sulfur Cycle , 1973 .

[68]  J. N. Bradley,et al.  Electron spin resonance study of the reaction of hydrogen atoms with hydrogen sulphide , 1973 .

[69]  C. A. Winkler,et al.  Kinetics of the reactions of oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms with sulphur trioxide , 1972 .

[70]  Charles C. Badcock,et al.  Photooxidation of sulfur dioxide , 1972 .

[71]  S. T. Cuffe,et al.  38 – Inorganic Chemical Industry , 1968 .

[72]  P. Leighton,et al.  Photochemistry of Air Pollution , 1961 .

[73]  H. Heimann.  Effects of air pollution on human health. , 1961, Monograph series. World Health Organization.

[74]  K. J. Ivin,et al.  The photochemical formation of sulphinic acids from sulphur dioxide and hydrocarbons , 1950 .