Measuring Prerequisite Relations Among Concepts

A prerequisite relation describes a basic relation among concepts in cognition, education and other areas. However, as a semantic relation, it has not been well studied in computational linguistics. We investigate the problem of measuring prerequisite relations among concepts and propose a simple link-based metric, namely reference distance (RefD), that effectively models the relation by measuring how differently two concepts refer to each other. Evaluations on two datasets that include seven domains show that our single metric based method outperforms existing supervised learning based methods.

[1]  James Mayfield,et al.  Learning Named Entity Hyponyms for Question Answering , 2008, IJCNLP.

[2]  S. Laurence,et al.  Concepts and Cognitive Science , 1999 .

[3]  Richard A. Harshman,et al.  Indexing by Latent Semantic Analysis , 1990, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[4]  Miriam R. L. Petruck.  FRAME SEMANTICS , 1996 .

[5]  William W. Cohen,et al.  Crowdsourced Comprehension: Predicting Prerequisite Structure in Wikipedia , 2012, BEA@NAACL-HLT.

[6]  Rada Mihalcea,et al.  Semantic Relatedness Using Salient Semantic Analysis , 2011, AAAI.

[7]  Ido Dagan,et al.  Directional distributional similarity for lexical inference , 2010, Natural Language Engineering.

[8]  Daniel Jurafsky,et al.  Distant supervision for relation extraction without labeled data , 2009, ACL.

[9]  George A. Miller,et al.  WordNet: A Lexical Database for English , 1995, HLT.

[10]  Benjamin Bräutigam,et al.  Concept Hierarchy Extraction from Textbooks , 2015, DocEng.

[11]  Yiming Yang,et al.  Concept Graph Learning from Educational Data , 2015, WSDM.

[12]  Zhaohui Wu,et al.  Sense-Aaware Semantic Analysis: A Multi-Prototype Word Representation Model Using Wikipedia , 2015, AAAI.

[13]  Zhiyuan Liu,et al.  Learning Entity and Relation Embeddings for Knowledge Graph Completion , 2015, AAAI.

[14]  Tristan Nixon,et al.  A Method for Finding Prerequisites Within a Curriculum , 2011, EDM.

[15]  Oren Etzioni,et al.  Identifying Relations for Open Information Extraction , 2011, EMNLP.

[16]  Qinghua Zheng,et al.  Mining learning-dependency between knowledge units from text , 2011, The VLDB Journal.

[17]  Benjamin Bräutigam,et al.  BBookX: An Automatic Book Creation Framework , 2015, DocEng.

[18]  Evgeniy Gabrilovich,et al.  Computing Semantic Relatedness Using Wikipedia-based Explicit Semantic Analysis , 2007, IJCAI.

[19]  Thomas Hofmann,et al.  Probabilistic Latent Semantic Indexing , 1999, SIGIR Forum.

[20]  Richard Scheines,et al.  Discovering Prerequisite Relationships Among Knowledge Components , 2014, EDM.

[21]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Latent Dirichlet Allocation , 2001, J. Mach. Learn. Res..

[22]  Matthew W. Ohland,et al.  Identifying and Removing a Calculus Prerequisite as a Bottleneck in Clemson's General Engineering Curriculum , 2004 .

[23]  Marti A. Hearst.  Automatic Acquisition of Hyponyms from Large Text Corpora , 1992, COLING.

[24]  Jason Weston,et al.  Learning Structured Embeddings of Knowledge Bases , 2011, AAAI.

[25]  Jeffrey Dean,et al.  Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality , 2013, NIPS.

[26]  Andrew McCallum,et al.  Modeling Relations and Their Mentions without Labeled Text , 2010, ECML/PKDD.

[27]  John R. Bergan,et al.  An examination of prerequisite relations, positive transfer among learning tasks, and variations in instruction for a seriation hierarchy , 1980 .

[28]  Andrew Y. Ng,et al.  Improving Word Representations via Global Context and Multiple Word Prototypes , 2012, ACL.

[29]  Oren Etzioni,et al.  What Is This, Anyway: Automatic Hypernym Discovery , 2009, AAAI Spring Symposium: Learning by Reading and Learning to Read.

[30]  Wanxiang Che,et al.  Learning Semantic Hierarchies via Word Embeddings , 2014, ACL.