Nanoparticle-Based Paramagnetic Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging modality that is routinely used in clinics, providing anatomical information with micron resolution, soft tissue contrast, and deep penetration. Exogenous contrast agents increase image contrast by shortening longitudinal (T1) and transversal (T2) relaxation times. Most of the T1 agents used in clinical MRI are based on paramagnetic lanthanide complexes (largely Gd-based). In moving to translatable formats of reduced toxicity, greater chemical stability, longer circulation times, higher contrast, more controlled functionalisation and additional imaging modalities, considerable effort has been applied to the development of nanoparticles bearing paramagnetic ions. This review summarises the most relevant examples in the synthesis and biomedical applications of paramagnetic nanoparticles as contrast agents for MRI and multimodal imaging. It includes the most recent developments in the field of production of agents with high relaxivities, which are key for effective contrast enhancement, exemplified through clinically relevant examples.

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[64]  Aniruddha Roy,et al.  Factors controlling the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and intratumoral penetration of nanoparticles. , 2013, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[65]  A. Vul,et al.  Gd(III)-Grafted Detonation Nanodiamonds for MRI Contrast Enhancement , 2019, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

[66]  Yongmin Chang,et al.  Paramagnetic ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticles as advanced T1 MRI contrast agent: account for large longitudinal relaxivity, optimal particle diameter, and in vivo T1 MR images. , 2009, ACS nano.

[67]  M. Hashizume,et al.  Ultrasensitive MRI detection of spontaneous pancreatic tumors with nanocage-based targeted contrast agent. , 2018, Biomaterials.

[68]  Yongmin Chang,et al.  Paramagnetic dysprosium oxide nanoparticles and dysprosium hydroxide nanorods as T₂ MRI contrast agents. , 2012, Biomaterials.

[69]  Jason J. Davis,et al.  Environmentally Responsive MRI Contrast Agents , 2013 .

[70]  Mingwu Shen,et al.  Polyethyleneimine-Coated Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles for Targeted Tumor PET/MR Imaging. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[71]  Jingjing Li,et al.  One-pot preparation of hydrophilic manganese oxide nanoparticles as T1 nano-contrast agent for molecular magnetic resonance imaging of renal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. , 2018, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

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[75]  Haibo Xu,et al.  Dual T1 and T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging based on Gd3+ loaded bioinspired melanin dots. , 2018, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

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[82]  High signal contrast gating with biomodified Gd doped mesoporous nanoparticles. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[83]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  Nanoscale‐Coordination‐Polymer‐Shelled Manganese Dioxide Composite Nanoparticles: A Multistage Redox/pH/H2O2‐Responsive Cancer Theranostic Nanoplatform , 2017 .

[84]  Zhi Ping Xu,et al.  Manganese‐Based Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles as a T1‐MRI Contrast Agent with Ultrasensitive pH Response and High Relaxivity , 2017, Advanced materials.

[85]  Zhen Cheng,et al.  Gadolinium-chelate functionalized bismuth nanotheranostic agent for in vivo MRI/CT/PAI imaging-guided photothermal cancer therapy. , 2017, Biomaterials.

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[88]  Xiaoping Zhou,et al.  Porous gold nanocluster-decorated manganese monoxide nanocomposites for microenvironment-activatable MR/photoacoustic/CT tumor imaging. , 2018, Nanoscale.

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[91]  Xudong Shi,et al.  Integrin αvβ3 receptor targeting PET/MRI dual-modal imaging probe based on the 64Cu labeled manganese ferrite nanoparticles. , 2018, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[92]  Yuan Yuan,et al.  Gadolinium complexes of diethylenetriamine-N-oxide pentaacetic acid-bisamide: a new class of highly stable MRI contrast agents with a hydration number of 3. , 2019, Dalton transactions.

[93]  Kai Yang,et al.  Manganese Dioxide Coated WS2 @Fe3 O4 /sSiO2 Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive MR Imaging and Oxygen-Elevated Synergetic Therapy. , 2018, Small.

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[95]  Haifeng Dong,et al.  Intelligent MnO2/Cu2- xS for Multimode Imaging Diagnostic and Advanced Single-Laser Irradiated Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[96]  Xiangxi Wang,et al.  Honeycomb-Satellite Structured pH/H2O2-Responsive Degradable Nanoplatform for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy and Multimodal Imaging. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[97]  Y. C. Shin,et al.  Toxicity and T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Potentials of Holmium Oxide Nanoparticles , 2017, Nanomaterials.