Photochemical control of biological processes.

Photochemical regulation of biological processes offers a high level of control to study intracellular mechanisms with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This report summarizes the advances made in recent years, focusing predominantly on the in vivo regulation of gene function using irradiation with UV light. The majority of the described applications entail the utilization of photocaging groups installed either on a small molecule modulator of biomolecular function or directly on a biological macromolecule itself.

[1]  Christopher A. Voigt,et al.  Synthetic biology: Engineering Escherichia coli to see light , 2005, Nature.

[2]  D. Trentham,et al.  Properties and Uses of Photoreactive Caged Compounds , 1989 .

[3]  Maurice Goeldner,et al.  Dynamic studies in biology : phototriggers, photoswitches and caged biomolecules , 2005 .

[4]  J. S. Vyle,et al.  Reversible photocontrol of deoxyribozyme-catalyzed RNA cleavage under multiple-turnover conditions. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[5]  B. Imperiali,et al.  Photolytic control of peptide self-assembly. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[6]  M. Lewandoski.  Conditional control of gene expression in the mouse , 2001, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[7]  P. Schultz,et al.  Construction of a light-activated protein by unnatural amino acid mutagenesis , 1991 .

[8]  I. Dmochowski,et al.  Regulating gene expression with light-activated oligonucleotides. , 2007, Molecular bioSystems.

[9]  H. Okamoto,et al.  Photo-mediated gene activation by using caged mRNA in zebrafish embryos. , 2004, Methods in cell biology.

[10]  P. Dawson,et al.  Synthesis of native proteins by chemical ligation. , 2000, Annual review of biochemistry.

[11]  I. Dmochowski,et al.  Controlling RNA digestion by RNase H with a light-activated DNA hairpin. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[12]  D. Lawrence,et al.  Caged regulators of signaling pathways. , 1999, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[13]  D. Lawrence,et al.  A light-activated probe of intracellular protein kinase activity. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[14]  An anticoagulant with light-triggered antidote activity. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[15]  N Yumoto,et al.  Synthesis and application of caged peptides and proteins. , 2001, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[16]  Asad U. Khan,et al.  Ribozymes: A Modern Tool in Medicine , 2003, Journal of Biomedical Science.

[17]  E. Huq,et al.  A light-switchable gene promoter system , 2002, Nature Biotechnology.

[18]  T. Muir,et al.  A ligation and photorelease strategy for the temporal and spatial control of protein function in living cells. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[19]  Peter G Schultz,et al.  A genetically encoded photocaged tyrosine. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  V. S. Parmar,et al.  CHEMOENZYMATIC FUNCTIONALIZATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID WITH AZOBENZENE CHROMOPHORES , 2001 .

[21]  M. Mallo.  Controlled gene activation and inactivation in the mouse. , 2006, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[22]  J. Taylor,et al.  Caged single and double strand breaks. , 2000, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[23]  Michael E. Hahn,et al.  Photocontrol of Smad2, a multiphosphorylated cell-signaling protein, through caging of activating phosphoserines. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[24]  Roger Y. Tsien,et al.  Photo-mediated gene activation using caged RNA/DNA in zebrafish embryos , 2001, Nature Genetics.

[25]  S. Cambridge,et al.  A caged doxycycline analogue for photoactivated gene expression. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[26]  G. Prestwich,et al.  Using photolabile ligands in drug discovery and development. , 2000, Trends in biotechnology.

[27]  M. Yaffe,et al.  Fluorescent caged phosphoserine peptides as probes to investigate phosphorylation-dependent protein associations. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[28]  Christophe Dugave,et al.  Cis-trans isomerization of organic molecules and biomolecules: implications and applications. , 2003, Chemical reviews.

[29]  Peter G Schultz,et al.  A genetically encoded photocaged amino acid. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[30]  H. Bayley,et al.  Photoisomerization of an individual azobenzene molecule in water: an on-off switch triggered by light at a fixed wavelength. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[31]  Michael J. Goard,et al.  Light-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis. , 2005, Chemistry & biology.

[32]  J. Goedhart,et al.  Photolysis of caged phosphatidic acid induces flagellar excision in Chlamydomonas. , 2004, Biochemistry.

[33]  M. Egger,et al.  Applications of multi-photon microscopy in cell physiology. , 2004, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[34]  A. Deiters,et al.  Photochemical hammerhead ribozyme activation. , 2006, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[35]  Hiroyuki Asanuma,et al.  Azobenzene-tethered T7 promoter for efficient photoregulation of transcription. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[36]  D. A. Dougherty,et al.  Site-specific, photochemical proteolysis applied to ion channels in vivo. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  David R. Liu,et al.  Creating small-molecule-dependent switches to modulate biological functions. , 2005, Chemistry & biology.

[38]  E. Isacoff,et al.  Allosteric control of an ionotropic glutamate receptor with an optical switch , 2006, Nature chemical biology.

[39]  O. Smart,et al.  A water-soluble azobenzene cross-linker for photocontrol of peptide conformation. , 2003, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[40]  Ken-ichiro Hayashi,et al.  Caged gene-inducer spatially and temporally controls gene expression and plant development in transgenic Arabidopsis plant. , 2006, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[41]  P. Schultz,et al.  Expanding the genetic code. , 2006, Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure.

[42]  Samit Shah,et al.  Light-activated RNA interference. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[43]  D. Lawrence,et al.  Light-activated proteins. , 1999, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[44]  Günter Mayer,et al.  Biologically active molecules with a "light switch". , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[45]  Richard Ting,et al.  Triggering DNAzymes with light: a photoactive C8 thioether-linked adenosine. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[46]  R Y Tsien,et al.  Controlling cell chemistry with caged compounds. , 1993, Annual review of physiology.

[47]  H. Bayley,et al.  Caged thiophosphotyrosine peptides. , 2001, Angewandte Chemie.

[48]  David S Lawrence,et al.  The preparation and in vivo applications of caged peptides and proteins. , 2005, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[49]  Roger Y. Tsien,et al.  Cell-permeant caged InsP3 ester shows that Ca2+ spike frequency can optimize gene expression , 1998, Nature.

[50]  E. Schuman,et al.  Regulation and function of local protein synthesis in neuronal dendrites. , 2002, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[51]  Michael E. Hahn,et al.  Simultaneous triggering of protein activity and fluorescence. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[52]  H. Lester,et al.  Incorporation of caged cysteine and caged tyrosine into a transmembrane segment of the nicotinic ACh receptor. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.

[53]  Ronald R. Breaker,et al.  Natural and engineered nucleic acids as tools to explore biology , 2004, Nature.

[54]  M. Padidam,et al.  Chemically regulated gene expression in plants. , 2003, Current opinion in plant biology.

[55]  Federico Guillermo Cruz,et al.  Light-Activated Gene Expression , 2000 .

[56]  A. Heckel,et al.  Light regulation of aptamer activity: an anti-thrombin aptamer with caged thymidine nucleobases. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[57]  Christopher M. Pavlos,et al.  Photosensitive precursors to nitric oxide. , 2005, Current topics in medicinal chemistry.

[58]  H. Lester,et al.  A covalently bound photoisomerizable agonist. Comparison with reversibly bound agonists at electrophorus electroplaques , 1980, The Journal of general physiology.

[59]  Yong Liu,et al.  Light-regulated catalysis by an RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme. , 2004, Journal of molecular biology.

[60]  D. Lawrence,et al.  Spatially discrete, light-driven protein expression. , 2002, Chemistry & biology.

[61]  K. Link,et al.  Light activated recombination. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.