Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a function of state anxiety in healthy individuals.

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was examined in relation to state and trait anxiety in healthy individuals. Time-frequency analyses of HR-power spectrum in the high frequency region (0.12-0.40 Hz), related to RSA, were examined in 43 women and 39 men. Based on median split, the participants were divided into high and low state and trait anxiety groups. The main result showed that high state anxious individuals had higher RSA-magnitude (HF-power) than low state anxious individuals. The higher RSA-magnitude in the former group was interpreted as reflecting increased attention or vigilance together with motor and behavioural inhibition. No significant effects of trait anxiety or gender were found.

[1]  D. Blanchard,et al.  Ethoexperimental approaches to the biology of emotion. , 1988, Annual review of psychology.

[2]  R. Bolles,et al.  Clinical implications of Bolles & Fanselow's pain/fear model , 1980, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[3]  G. Knyazev,et al.  Psychophysiological correlates of behavioural inhibition and activation , 2002 .

[4]  G. Piccirillo,et al.  Autonomic modulation of heart rate and blood pressure in hypertensive subjects with symptoms of anxiety. , 1998, Clinical science.

[5]  P. Grossman,et al.  Anxiety reduces baroreflex cardiac control in older adults with major depression. , 1999, Psychosomatic medicine.

[6]  J F Thayer,et al.  Autonomic balance revisited: panic anxiety and heart rate variability. , 1998, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[7]  N. Endler,et al.  Stress, anxiety and coping: The multidimensional interaction model. , 1997 .

[8]  B. Fuller,et al.  The effects of stress-anxiety and coping styles on heart rate variability. , 1992, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[9]  P. Lang,et al.  Accuracy of psychophysical judgments and physiological response amplitude. , 1973, Journal of experimental psychology.

[10]  P. Grossman,et al.  Prediction of tonic parasympathetic cardiac control using respiratory sinus arrhythmia: the need for respiratory control. , 1991, Psychophysiology.

[11]  Arne Öhman,et al.  Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. , 1993 .

[12]  S. Ben‐Haim,et al.  Altered heart rate variability in panic disorder patients , 1995, Biological Psychiatry.

[13]  D. Eckberg.  Sympathovagal balance: a critical appraisal. , 1997, Circulation.

[14]  H. Nagaraja,et al.  Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. , 1997, Psychophysiology.

[15]  M. Bradley,et al.  Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action. , 1997 .

[16]  Charles D. Spielberger.  Anxiety, Cognition and Affect , 2019, Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders.

[17]  Peter J. Lang,et al.  Attention and Orienting : Sensory and Motivational Processes , 1997 .

[18]  Edwin W. Cook,et al.  Differentiating orienting, startle, and defense responses: The role of affect and its implications for psychopathology. , 1997 .

[19]  Proceedings: Entrainment of the human RR interval by thermal stimuli. , 1975 .

[20]  Yoshio Nakamura,et al.  Heart rate variability, trait anxiety, and perceived stress among physically fit men and women. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[21]  W. Wittling,et al.  Hemisphere asymmetry in parasympathetic control of the heart , 1998, Neuropsychologia.

[22]  Peter Jönsson,et al.  The effects of pictures of emotional faces on tonic and phasic autonomic cardiac control in women and men , 2003, Biological Psychology.

[23]  P. Grossman,et al.  Anxiety and Vagal Control of Heart Rate , 1998, Psychosomatic medicine.

[24]  J. Gray,et al.  Précis of The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system , 1982, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[25]  J. Thayer,et al.  Anxiety and autonomic flexibility: a cardiovascular approach. , 1998, Biological psychology.

[26]  R. Simons,et al.  Emotion processing in three systems: the medium and the message. , 1999, Psychophysiology.

[27]  M. Hansson.  Optimized weighted averaging of peak matched multiple window spectrum estimators , 1999, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[28]  Maria Hansson,et al.  A multiple window method for estimation of peaked spectra , 1997, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[29]  P. Lang.  The emotion probe. Studies of motivation and attention. , 1995, The American psychologist.

[30]  J. Thayer,et al.  Vagal tone in generalized anxiety disorder and the effects of aversive imagery and worrisome thinking , 1995 .

[31]  S. Porges.  Autonomic regulation and attention. , 1992 .

[32]  P. Obrist.  Cardiovascular Psychophysiology: A Perspective , 1981 .

[33]  M. Fredrikson,et al.  Orienting and defensive reactions to phobic and conditioned fear stimuli in phobics and normals. , 1981, Psychophysiology.

[34]  G. Breithardt,et al.  Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. , 1996 .

[35]  Beatrice C. Lacey,et al.  Studies of heart rate and other bodily processes in sensorimotor behavior. , 1974 .

[36]  A. Malliani,et al.  Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use , 1996 .

[37]  J. Schulkin,et al.  From normal fear to pathological anxiety. , 1998, Psychological review.

[38]  Juhani Airaksinen,et al.  Anxiety and Hostility Are Associated With Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity and Increased Beat-to-Beat Blood Pressure Variability , 2003, Psychosomatic medicine.

[39]  Charles D. Spielberger,et al.  CHAPTER 14 – The Effects of Anxiety on Complex Learning and Academic Achievement , 1966 .

[40]  Julian F. Thayer,et al.  Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry , 1996, Biological Psychiatry.

[41]  S. Porges.  The Polyvagal Theory: phylogenetic contributions to social behavior , 2003, Physiology & Behavior.

[42]  P. Johnson-Laird,et al.  Towards a Cognitive Theory of Emotions , 1987 .

[43]  Silvan S. Tomkins,et al.  The quest for primary motives: Biography and autobiography of an idea. , 1981 .

[44]  C. Spielberger,et al.  Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , 1970 .

[45]  R. Davidson,et al.  Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. , 1979, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[46]  A. Malliani,et al.  Cardiovascular Neural Regulation Explored in the Frequency Domain , 1991, Circulation.

[47]  S. Puttonen,et al.  BIS-BAS sensitivity and cardiac autonomic stress profiles. , 2003, Psychophysiology.

[48]  S. Porges.  The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. , 2001, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[49]  P. Lang,et al.  Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli. , 1989 .

[50]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Perspectives in cardiovascular psychophysiology , 1982 .

[51]  M. Bradley,et al.  Looking at pictures: affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. , 1993, Psychophysiology.

[52]  D. Adam,et al.  Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis. , 1985, The American journal of physiology.

[53]  Robert M Carney,et al.  Association of anxiety with reduced baroreflex cardiac control in patients after acute myocardial infarction. , 2002, American heart journal.

[54]  Charles D. Spielberger,et al.  Anxiety and Behaviour , 1966 .

[55]  M. Kollai,et al.  Cardiac Vagal Tone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder , 1992, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[56]  Maria Hansson,et al.  Estimation of HRV spectrogram using multiple window methods focussing on the high frequency power. , 2006, Medical engineering & physics.

[57]  S. Porges.  Orienting in a defensive world: mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A Polyvagal Theory. , 1995, Psychophysiology.

[58]  J. Jennings,et al.  Is it important that the mind is in a body? Inhibition and the heart. , 1992, Psychophysiology.

[59]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: autonomic origins, physiological mechanisms, and psychophysiological implications. , 1993, Psychophysiology.

[60]  B. W. Hyndman,et al.  Spontaneous Rhythms in Physiological Control Systems , 1971, Nature.

[61]  R. Hare,et al.  Orienting and defensive responses to visual stimuli. , 1973, Psychophysiology.

[62]  C. Blair.  Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation in young children: relations with self-regulation and adaptation to preschool in children attending Head Start. , 2003, Developmental psychobiology.

[63]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  Handbook of Emotions , 1993 .

[64]  G. Piccirillo,et al.  Abnormal passive head-up tilt test in subjects with symptoms of anxiety power spectral analysis study of heart rate and blood pressure. , 1997, International journal of cardiology.

[65]  R. Cohen,et al.  Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. , 1981, Science.

[66]  I. Montgomery,et al.  Worry and heart rate variables: autonomic rigidity under challenge. , 2002, Journal of anxiety disorders.

[67]  J F Thayer,et al.  Phasic heart period reactions to cued threat and nonthreat stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder. , 2000, Psychophysiology.

[68]  R. Cohen,et al.  Hemodynamic regulation: investigation by spectral analysis. , 1985, The American journal of physiology.