Comparing Physical Drag Coefficients Computed Using Different Gas–Surface Interaction Models

Drag coefficient is a major source of uncertainty in calculating the aerodynamic forces on satellites in low Earth orbit. Closed-form solutions are available for simple geometries under the assumption of free molecular flow; however,mostsatelliteshavecomplexgeometries,andamoresophisticatedmethodofcalculatingthedragcoefficient is needed. This work builds toward modeling physical drag coefficients using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method capable of accurately modeling flow shadowing and concave geometries. The direct simulation threedimensional visual program and the direct simulation Monte Carlo analysis code are used to compare the effects of two separate gas–surface interaction models: diffuse reflection with incomplete accommodation and quasi-specular Cercignani–Lampis–Lordmodels.Resultsshowthatthetwogas–surfaceinteractionmodelscomparewellataltitudes below ∼500 km during solar maximum conditions and below ∼400 km during solar minimum conditions. The differenceindragcoefficientofasphereat ∼800 kmcalculated usingthetwogas–surfaceinteractionmodels is ∼6% during solar maximum and increases to ∼10% during solar minimum. The difference in drag coefficient of the GRACE satellite computed using the two gas–surface interaction models at ∼500 km differs by ∼15% during solar minimum conditions and by ∼2–3% during solar maximum conditions.

[1]  D. Hamby A review of techniques for parameter sensitivity analysis of environmental models , 1994, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[2]  P. E. Suetin,et al.  Experimental investigation of rarefied gas flow in different channels , 1974, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[3]  B. Argrow,et al.  Drag Coefficients of Satellites with Concave Geometries: Comparing Models and Observations , 2011 .

[4]  Bruce R. Bowman,et al.  High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM) , 2002 .

[5]  J. Wright,et al.  Simultaneous Real-Time Estimation of Atmospheric Density and Ballistic Coefficient ∗ , 2004 .

[6]  K. Moe,et al.  The roles of kinetic theory and gas-surface interactions in measurements of upper-atmospheric density , 1969 .

[7]  J. Wright,et al.  Real-Time Estimation ∗ of Local Atmospheric Density † , 2003 .

[8]  Michael N. Macrossan,et al.  Methods for implementing the stream boundary condition in DSMC computations , 2003 .

[9]  Brian Argrow,et al.  Semiempirical Model for Satellite Energy-Accommodation Coefficients , 2010 .

[10]  F. C. Hurlbut ON THE MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GASES AND SOLIDS , 1962 .

[11]  George Comsa,et al.  Calibration of a spinning rotor gas friction gauge against a fundamental vacuum pressure standard , 1980 .

[12]  Carlo Cercignani,et al.  Kinetic models for gas-surface interactions , 1971 .

[13]  R. G. Lord Some extensions to the Cercignani–Lampis gas–surface scattering kernel , 1991 .

[14]  Kenneth Moe,et al.  Improved Satellite Drag Coefficient Calculations from Orbital Measurements of Energy Accommodation , 1998 .

[15]  Lee H. Sentman,et al.  FREE MOLECULE FLOW THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES , 1961 .

[16]  C. Ferrari Dinamica dei gas rarefatti , 2011 .

[17]  D. Vallado Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications , 1997 .

[18]  David Finkleman,et al.  A critical assessment of satellite drag and atmospheric density modeling , 2008 .

[19]  L. Loeb,et al.  Kinetic Theory of Gases , 2018, Foundations of Plasma Physics for Physicists and Mathematicians.

[20]  K. Moe,et al.  The effect of adsorption on densities measured by orbiting pressure gauges , 1967 .

[21]  Andrew T. Hiatt,et al.  Precision Orbit Derived Total Density , 2011 .

[22]  Kenneth Moe,et al.  Gas-surface interactions and satellite drag coefficients , 2005 .

[23]  Stefan Dietrich,et al.  Scalar and Parallel Optimized Implementation of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method , 1996 .

[24]  G. J. LeBeau,et al.  A parallel implementation of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method , 1999 .

[25]  Josef Koller,et al.  Drag Coefficient Model Using the Cercignani–Lampis–Lord Gas–Surface Interaction Model , 2014 .

[26]  G. Bird Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows , 1994 .

[27]  A. Hedin,et al.  Role of gas-surface interactions in the reduction of Ogo 6 neutral particle mass spectrometer data. , 1973 .

[28]  B. Bowman True Satellite Ballistic Coefficient Determination for HASDM , 2002 .

[29]  G. Swinerd,et al.  Analysis of satellite laser ranging data to investigate satellite aerodynamics , 1995 .

[30]  C. Pardini,et al.  Drag and energy accommodation coefficients during sunspot maximum , 2010 .

[31]  D. Drob,et al.  Nrlmsise-00 Empirical Model of the Atmosphere: Statistical Comparisons and Scientific Issues , 2002 .

[32]  S. A. Schaaf,et al.  Flow of rarefied gases , 1961 .

[33]  K. Moe,et al.  Recommended Drag Coefficients for Aeronomic Satellites , 2013 .

[34]  I. Amdur,et al.  Kinetic Theory of Gases , 1959 .

[35]  William J. Burke,et al.  Thermospheric Space Weather Modeling , 2007 .

[36]  I. Boyd,et al.  Assessment of Gas-Surface Interaction Models for Computation of Rarefied Hypersonic Flow , 2009 .