Direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide on pasture plants and communities

The atmospheric carbon dioxide (C02) level is rising and is expected to double during the next century. This paper reviews information on the responses of pasture species and communities to elevated CO2, Data for some further non-arable species are included where relevant. Th~ effect of C02 on yield and on morphologIcal and physiological characteristics are considered together with aspects of particular relevance to pasture, for example, herbivory, plant community relationships, and experimental methods for the exposure of pasture to elevated CO2, At the plant level, physiological responses to CO2 include enhanced net photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance; morphological changes include greater leaf areas, shoot production, and root: shoot ratios. Little is known about community responses or about plant-herbivore dynamics at elevated C02' Chan~es in herbage quality, tissue turnover, and botaOlCal composition may be expected but confirmation of these responses will only be possible when data are available from long-term studies of grazed pasture at elevated CO2,

[1]  S. Idso,et al.  Carbon dioxide and global change : earth in transition , 1991 .

[2]  J. Bunce.  Short- and long-term inhibition of respiratory carbon dioxide efflux by elevated carbon dioxide. , 1990 .

[3]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on development of the first six mainstem leaves in soybean , 1989 .

[4]  I. Impens,et al.  Effects of long-term elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens canopies in the course of a terminal drought stress period , 1989 .

[5]  V. Reddy,et al.  Elongation and Branching of Roots on Soybean Plants in a Carbon Dioxide‐Enriched Aerial Environment , 1989 .

[6]  R. B. Austin.  Genetic variation in photosynthesis , 1989, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[7]  F. Bazzaz,et al.  The Effects of Enriched Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres on Plant—Insect Herbivore Interactions , 1989, Science.

[8]  I. Impens,et al.  Effects of Different CO2 Environments on the Photosynthesis-Yield Relationship and the Carbon and Water Balance of a White Clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca) Sward , 1989 .

[9]  S. Schneider,et al.  The Greenhouse Effect: Science and Policy , 1989, Science.

[10]  B. Strain,et al.  Effects of drought and CO2 enrichment on competition between two old-field perennials. , 1989, The New phytologist.

[11]  T. Sharkey,et al.  Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO(2) in Five C(3) Species. , 1989, Plant physiology.

[12]  B. Strain,et al.  Competition in Old-Field Perennials Under CO_2 Enrichment , 1987 .

[13]  P. Cotty.  Modulation of sporulation of Alternaria tagetica by carbon dioxide , 1987 .

[14]  David T. Tissue,et al.  Response of Eriophorum Vaginatum to Elevated CO_2 and Temperature in the Alaskan Tussock Tundra , 1987 .

[15]  J. Scholes,et al.  INCREASED RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN LOCALIZED REGIONS OF A BARLEY LEAF INFECTED WITH BROWN RUST. , 1986, The New phytologist.

[16]  H. Friedli,et al.  Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries , 1986, Nature.

[17]  B. Strain,et al.  RESPONSE OF TWO OLD FIELD PERENNIALS TO INTERACTIONS OF CO2 ENRICHMENT AND DROUGHT STRESS , 1986 .

[18]  J. Christeller,et al.  The response of simulated swards of perennial ryegrass and white clover to enriched atmospheric C02: Interaction with nitrogen and photosynthetic photon flux density , 1986 .

[19]  G. D. Butler,et al.  Populations of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Cotton Grown in Open-top Field Chambers Enriched with Co2 , 1986 .

[20]  H. Hodges,et al.  Photosynthetic Response of Soybean Canopies to Full-Season Carbon Dioxide Enrichment1 , 1985 .

[21]  C. Potvin,et al.  Photosynthetic response to growth temperature and CO2 enrichment in two species of C4 grasses , 1985 .

[22]  N. Sionit,et al.  Growth and feeding response of Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) to host plants grown in controlled carbon dioxide atmospheres , 1984 .

[23]  J. Nösberger,et al.  Influence of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth, Carbohydrate Content, Translocation and Photosynthesis of White Clover , 1984 .

[24]  F. Bazzaz,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CO2 ON PLANTS , 1984 .

[25]  U. D. Havelka,et al.  CO2‐Enrichment Effects on Wheat Yield and Physiology1 , 1984 .

[26]  D. Charles-Edwards,et al.  On the Ordered Development of Plants 3. Branching by the Grain Legume Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(Guar) , 1984 .

[27]  V. Wittenbach,et al.  CO2‐Enrichment Effects on Soybean Physiology. I. Effects of Long‐Term CO2 Exposure1 , 1984 .

[28]  J. Morison,et al.  Plant Growth and Water Use With Limited Water Supply in High CO2 Concentrations. II. Plant Dry Weight, Partitioning and Water Use Efficiency , 1984 .

[29]  D. Charles-Edwards.  On the Ordered Development of Plants 1. An Hypothesis , 1984 .

[30]  D. Patterson,et al.  Effects of CO2 Enrichment on Competition Between a C4 Weed and a C3 Crop , 1984, Weed Science.

[31]  J. Hodgson,et al.  The influence of sward condition on rates of herbage growth and senescence in mixed swards under continuous stocking management , 1983 .

[32]  L. S. Omer,et al.  Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Whole Plant Senescence , 1983 .

[33]  G. Bingham,et al.  Responses of Selected Plant Species to Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Field , 1983 .

[34]  S. B. Idso,et al.  Increasing atmospheric CO2: effects on crop yield, water use and climate , 1983 .

[35]  B. Kimball.  Carbon Dioxide and Agricultural Yield: An Assemblage and Analysis of 430 Prior Observations1 , 1983 .

[36]  R M Gifford,et al.  Stomatal sensitivity to carbon dioxide and humidity: a comparison of two c(3) and two c(4) grass species. , 1983, Plant physiology.

[37]  D. Scott,et al.  Allelopathic effects of white clover 1. Germination and chemical bioassay , 1982 .

[38]  D. Scott,et al.  Allelopathic effects of white clover 2. Field investigations in tussock grasslands , 1982 .

[39]  B. Strain,et al.  Effects of CO2 enrichment on growth and photosynthesis in Desmodium paniculatum , 1982 .

[40]  B. Strain,et al.  Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on chlorophyll content, starch content and starch grain structure in Trifolium subterraneum leaves , 1981 .

[41]  W. Louwerse.  Effects of CO2 concentration and irradiance on the stomatal behaviour of maize, barley and sunflower plants in the field , 1980 .

[42]  N. Sionit,et al.  Growth and Yield of Wheat under CO2 Enrichment and Water Stress1 , 1980 .

[43]  D. Olszyk,et al.  Environment in open-top field chambers utilized for air pollution studies , 1980 .

[44]  B. Strain,et al.  CO2 effects on apical dominance in Pisum sativum , 1980 .

[45]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. , 1980 .

[46]  D. Patterson,et al.  Potential Effects of Global Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment on the Growth and Competitiveness of C3 and C4 Weed and Crop Plants , 1980, Weed Science.

[47]  W. C. Lamb,et al.  Effect of partial and complete defoliation on regrowth of white clover plants , 1978 .

[48]  A. Rovira,et al.  Allelopathy among some British grassland species. , 1975 .

[49]  R. Bacastow,et al.  Atmospheric carbon dioxide and radiocarbon in the natural carbon cycle: II. Changes from A. D. 1700 to 2070 as deduced from a geochemical model. , 1973, Brookhaven symposia in biology.

[50]  D. N. Moss,et al.  Differential Stomatal Response Between C3 and C4 Species to Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Light1 , 1972 .

[51]  E. H. Roberts,et al.  Viability of Seeds , 1972 .

[52]  E. H. Roberts,et al.  Factors involved in the dormancy and germination of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. And Senecio Vulgaris L , 1970 .

[53]  D. Wilson,et al.  EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND CO2 ON APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH LEAF ANATOMY IN GENOTYPES OF LOLIUM PERENNE L. , 1969 .

[54]  G. Mcintyre.  SOME EFFECTS OF THE NITROGEN SUPPLY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACROPYRON REPENS L. BEAUV. , 1965 .

[55]  E. B. Fred,et al.  RELATION BETWEEN CARBON DIOXIDE AND ELEMENTAL NITROGEN ASSIMILATION IN LEGUMINOUS PLANTS , 1933 .

[56]  V. Reddy,et al.  Seasonal carbon and nitrogen accumulation in relation to net carbon dioxide exchange in a carbon dioxide-enriched soybean canopy , 1989 .

[57]  P. Leadley,et al.  An open top chamber for field studies of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on saltmarsh vegetation , 1989 .

[58]  S. Idso.  Carbon dioxide and global change , 1989 .

[59]  A. McLeod.  EFFECTS OF OPEN-AIR FUMIGATION WITH SULFUR-DIOXIDE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS IN WINTER CEREALS , 1988 .

[60]  I. Impens,et al.  Effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on gas exchange and growth of perennial ryegrass , 1988 .

[61]  C. Potvin,et al.  Sources of variability and experimental designs in growth chambers , 1988 .

[62]  F. Lipfert,et al.  Field performance testing of a Free-Air Controlled Enrichment (FACE) system for the regulation of carbon dioxide concentrations in a cotton field at Yazoo City, Mississippi , 1988 .

[63]  T. Sharkey,et al.  Effects of CO2 enrichment on four Great Basin grasses , 1987 .

[64]  B. Strain,et al.  Response of two old field perennials to interactions of CO/sub 2/ enrichment and drought stress. [aster pilosus and andropogon virginicus L] , 1986 .

[65]  D. Overdieck,et al.  Effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) competing in managed model-ecosystems. I: Phytomass production , 1986 .

[66]  Christopher B. Field,et al.  photosynthesis--nitrogen relationship in wild plants , 1986 .

[67]  K. G. McNaughton,et al.  Stomatal Control of Transpiration: Scaling Up from Leaf to Region , 1986 .

[68]  B. Strain,et al.  Carbon dioxide levels in the biosphere: Effects on plant productivity , 1985 .

[69]  D. Overdieck,et al.  Langzeit-Effekte eines erhöhten CO2-Angebotes auf den CO2-Gaswechsel eines Modell-Ökosystems , 1985 .

[70]  J. Morison,et al.  Plant Growth and Water Use With Limited Water Supply in High CO2 Concentrations. I. Leaf Area, Water Use and Transpiration , 1984 .

[71]  J. Goudriaan,et al.  Plant growth in response to CO2 enrichment, at two levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. 1. Dry matter, leaf area and development , 1983 .

[72]  J. Farrar,et al.  Growth and photosynthesis in barley infected with brown rust , 1981 .

[73]  A. Cole,et al.  The Influence of Volatile Substances from Incubated Litter of Pinus radiata on Seed Germination , 1979 .

[74]  Lindsay H. Allen,et al.  Line-source carbon dioxide release , 1975 .

[75]  G. Edwards,et al.  Isolation of Mesophyll Cells and Bundle Sheath Cells from Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Leaves and a Scanning Microscopy Study of the Internal Leaf Cell Morphology. , 1971, Plant physiology.

[76]  M. Ludlow,et al.  Photosynthesis of tropical pasture plants i. illuminance, carbon dioxide concentration, leaf temperature, and leaf-air vapour pressure difference , 1971 .

[77]  L. Ballard,et al.  The breaking of seed dormancy of some legumes by carbon dioxide , 1959 .

[78]  Brougham Rw.  Interception of light by the foliage of pure and mixed stands of pasture plants , 1958 .

[79]  R. W. Brougham.  Effect of intensity of defoliation on regrowth of pasture , 1956 .