Sleep medicine pharmacotherapeutics overview: today, tomorrow, and the future (part 2: hypersomnia, parasomnia, and movement disorders).

Over the past 10 years, significant strides have been made in therapeutics for sleep disorders. In this second installment of a two-part review series, we discuss the current evidence surrounding the mechanisms of actions, indications, efficacy, and adverse side effects associated with the current over-the-counter and pharmacotherapeutics for hypersomnia, parasomnias, and movement disorders of sleep.

[1]  C. Gamaldo,et al.  Sleep medicine pharmacotherapeutics overview: today, tomorrow, and the future (Part 1: insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders). , 2012, Chest.

[2]  Karim M Khan,et al.  Nocturnal leg cramps and prescription use that precedes them: a sequence symmetry analysis. , 2012, Archives of internal medicine.

[3]  C. Adler,et al.  Clinical efficacy and safety of IV ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) treatment of RLS: a multi-centred, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical trial. , 2011, Sleep medicine.

[4]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Effects of an advanced sleep schedule and morning short wavelength light exposure on circadian phase in young adults with late sleep schedules. , 2011, Sleep medicine.

[5]  C. Jang,et al.  Modafinil‐induced conditioned place preference via dopaminergic system in mice , 2011, Synapse.

[6]  T. Freedom Sleep-related movement disorders. , 2011, Disease-a-month : DM.

[7]  N. Hirai,et al.  Recent Advances in the Treatment of Narcolepsy , 2011, Current treatment options in neurology.

[8]  C. Gieger,et al.  Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Restless Legs Syndrome Susceptibility Loci on 2p14 and 16q12.1 , 2011, PLoS genetics.

[9]  T. Scammell,et al.  Sleep neurobiology from a clinical perspective. , 2011, Sleep.

[10]  A. Malhotra,et al.  Eszopiclone increases the respiratory arousal threshold and lowers the apnoea/hypopnoea index in obstructive sleep apnoea patients with a low arousal threshold. , 2011, Clinical science.

[11]  Ronald C. Kessler,et al.  Prevalence and Perceived Health Associated with Insomnia Based on DSM-IV-TR; International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision; and Research Diagnostic Criteria/International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Second Edition Criteria: Results from the A , 2011, Biological Psychiatry.

[12]  I. Gurubhagavatula,et al.  Effectiveness of ramelteon for insomnia symptoms in older adults with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. , 2010, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[13]  P. Zee Shedding light on the effectiveness of melatonin for circadian rhythm sleep disorders. , 2010, Sleep.

[14]  P. Zee,et al.  Therapeutics for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders. , 2010, Sleep medicine clinics.

[15]  S. Chokroverty,et al.  Sleep epidemiology 30 years later: where are we? , 2010, Sleep medicine.

[16]  H. Attarian Treatment options for parasomnias. , 2010, Neurologic clinics.

[17]  D. Garcia-Borreguero,et al.  Dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome. , 2010, Sleep medicine reviews.

[18]  D. Dijk,et al.  British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders , 2010, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[19]  Sabin R. Bista,et al.  Best practice guide for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults. , 2010, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[20]  A. Wierzbicka,et al.  Modafinil for narcolepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2010, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[21]  P. Zee,et al.  Treatment of Shift Work Disorder and Jet Lag , 2010, Current treatment options in neurology.

[22]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy of narcolepsy , 2010, Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy.

[23]  A. Avidan,et al.  The parasomnias: epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnostic approach. , 2010, Clinics in chest medicine.

[24]  T. Roth,et al.  Effects of ramelteon on insomnia symptoms induced by rapid, eastward travel. , 2010, Sleep medicine.

[25]  M. Thorpy,et al.  Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy. , 2010, Clinics in chest medicine.

[26]  P. Zee,et al.  Neurobiology of sleep. , 2010, Clinics in chest medicine.

[27]  L. Felix,et al.  Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[28]  Y. So,et al.  Assessment: Symptomatic treatment for muscle cramps (an evidence-based review) , 2010, Neurology.

[29]  R. Sack,et al.  Clinical practice. Jet lag. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[30]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of eszopiclone 2 mg on sleep/wake function in older adults with primary and comorbid insomnia. , 2010, Sleep.

[31]  Michel A. Paul,et al.  Melatonin treatment for eastward and westward travel preparation , 2010, Psychopharmacology.

[32]  N. Feldman,et al.  A 2-week, polysomnographic, safety study of sodium oxybate in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome , 2010, Sleep and Breathing.

[33]  Jin-Woo Chung,et al.  Effect of Botulinum Toxin Injection on Nocturnal Bruxism: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2010, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[34]  T. Morgenthaler,et al.  Idiopathic hypersomnia: clinical features and response to treatment. , 2009, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[35]  B. Hasler,et al.  Correlates and Treatments of Nightmares in Adults. , 2009, Sleep medicine clinics.

[36]  A. Holley,et al.  Effects of a Short Course of Eszopiclone on Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Adherence , 2009, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[37]  K. Wesnes,et al.  Armodafinil for Treatment of Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Shift Work Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Study , 2009 .

[38]  J. Collen,et al.  Sedative use during continuous positive airway pressure titration improves subsequent compliance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. , 2009, Chest.

[39]  A. Avidan Parasomnias and movement disorders of sleep. , 2009, Seminars in neurology.

[40]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Emerging drugs for insomnia: new frontiers for old and novel targets , 2009, Expert opinion on emerging drugs.

[41]  A. Krystal A compendium of placebo-controlled trials of the risks/benefits of pharmacological treatments for insomnia: the empirical basis for U.S. clinical practice. , 2009, Sleep medicine reviews.

[42]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Narcolepsy: action of two gamma-aminobutyric acid type B agonists, baclofen and sodium oxybate. , 2009, Pediatric neurology.

[43]  C. Morin,et al.  The natural history of insomnia: a population-based 3-year longitudinal study. , 2009, Archives of internal medicine.

[44]  Daniel J. Buysse,et al.  Sleep disturbances and depression: risk relationships for subsequent depression and therapeutic implications , 2008, Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.

[45]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  Sleep, insomnia and falls in elderly patients. , 2008, Sleep medicine.

[46]  A. Jordan,et al.  Trazodone increases arousal threshold in obstructive sleep apnoea , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[47]  Daniel J Buysse,et al.  Insomnia: Prevalence, Impact, Pathogenesis, Differential Diagnosis, and Evaluation. , 2008, Sleep medicine clinics.

[48]  A. Krystal,et al.  Report of two cases where sleep related eating behavior occurred with the extended-release formulation but not the immediate-release formulation of a sedative-hypnotic agent. , 2008, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[49]  Cathy Alessi,et al.  Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. , 2007, Sleep.

[50]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders : Part II , Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder , Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder , Free-Running Disorder , and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review , 2007 .

[51]  Cathy Alessi,et al.  Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. , 2007, Sleep.

[52]  M W Mahowald,et al.  Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[53]  Mary A. Carskadon,et al.  Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part I, Basic Principles, Shift Work and Jet Lag Disorders , 2007 .

[54]  A. Walters,et al.  Diagnostic standards for dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome: report from a World Association of Sleep Medicine-International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group consensus conference at the Max Planck Institute. , 2007, Sleep medicine.

[55]  F. Lobbezoo,et al.  Effects of pergolide on severe sleep bruxism in a patient experiencing oral implant failure. , 2007, Journal of oral rehabilitation.

[56]  D. Cardinali,et al.  Drug Insight: the use of melatonergic agonists for the treatment of insomnia—focus on ramelteon , 2007, Nature Clinical Practice Neurology.

[57]  E. Mignot,et al.  Narcolepsy with cataplexy , 2007, The Lancet.

[58]  K. Wafford,et al.  Treating insomnia: Current and investigational pharmacological approaches. , 2006, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[59]  D. Bradshaw,et al.  An oral hypnotic medication does not improve continuous positive airway pressure compliance in men with obstructive sleep apnea. , 2006, Chest.

[60]  T. Roth,et al.  Pharmacologic Management of Insomnia in Children and Adolescents: Consensus Statement , 2006, Pediatrics.

[61]  M. Fava,et al.  Eszopiclone Co-Administered With Fluoxetine in Patients With Insomnia Coexisting With Major Depressive Disorder , 2006, Biological Psychiatry.

[62]  T. Roth,et al.  Epidemiology of DSM-IV Insomnia in Adolescence: Lifetime Prevalence, Chronicity, and an Emergent Gender Difference , 2006, Pediatrics.

[63]  V. Spoormaker,et al.  Nightmares: from anxiety symptom to sleep disorder. , 2006, Sleep medicine reviews.

[64]  D. Dinges,et al.  Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[65]  Phil Hall,et al.  Long-term use of sedative hypnotics in older patients with insomnia. , 2005, Sleep medicine.

[66]  C. Drake,et al.  Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers. , 2004, Sleep.

[67]  R. Allen Dopamine and iron in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS). , 2004, Sleep medicine.

[68]  C. Hart,et al.  Zolpidem-related effects on performance and mood during simulated night-shift work. , 2003, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology.

[69]  Daniel J. Taylor,et al.  Insomnia as a Health Risk Factor , 2003, Behavioral sleep medicine.

[70]  K. Hayashida,et al.  Melatonin alleviates jet lag symptoms caused by an 11‐hour eastward flight , 2002, Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[71]  K J Petrie,et al.  Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. , 2002, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[72]  K. Sharkey,et al.  Melatonin phase shifts human circadian rhythms in a placebo-controlled simulated night-work study. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.

[73]  R. Steffen,et al.  Effectiveness and tolerability of melatonin and zolpidem for the alleviation of jet lag. , 2001, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[74]  Michael Aldrich,et al.  Reduced Number of Hypocretin Neurons in Human Narcolepsy , 2000, Neuron.

[75]  Sebastiaan Overeem,et al.  A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains , 2000, Nature Medicine.

[76]  M. Ohayon,et al.  The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects. , 2000, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[77]  Christian Guilleminault,et al.  Randomized trial of modafinil as a treatment for the excessive daytime somnolence of narcolepsy , 2000, Neurology.

[78]  R G Priest,et al.  Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. , 1999, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[79]  A. Rush,et al.  Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder , 1998, Biological Psychiatry.

[80]  B. Guardiola‐Lemaître Toxicology of Melatonin , 1997, Journal of biological rhythms.

[81]  D. Segal,et al.  Extracellular dopamine and amphetamine after systemic amphetamine administration: comparison to the behavioral response. , 1997, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[82]  M. Ferrara,et al.  Performance, ability to stay awake, and tendency to fall asleep during the night after a diurnal sleep with temazepam or placebo. , 1997, Sleep.

[83]  D. Segal,et al.  Effects of Methylphenidate on Extracellular Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine: Comparison with Amphetamine , 1997, Journal of neurochemistry.

[84]  R P Allen,et al.  Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. , 1996, Sleep.

[85]  A. Nierenberg,et al.  Trazodone for antidepressant-associated insomnia. , 1994, The American journal of psychiatry.

[86]  T. Sand,et al.  The prevalence of delayed and advanced sleep phase syndromes , 1993, Journal of sleep research.

[87]  A. Lewy,et al.  Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significance. , 1992, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[88]  V. F. Trewin,et al.  An investigation of the association of benzodiazepines and other hypnotics with the incidence of falls in the elderly , 1992, Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics.

[89]  J K Walsh,et al.  Sleepiness/alertness on a simulated night shift following sleep at home with triazolam. , 1991, Sleep.

[90]  R. Daroff,et al.  The International Classification of Sleep Disorders , 1991, Neurology.

[91]  R. Phillips,et al.  Zopiclone in insomniac shiftworkers , 1989, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[92]  J. Arendt,et al.  SYNCHRONISATION OF A DISTURBED SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE IN A BLIND MAN BY MELATONIN TREATMENT , 1988, The Lancet.

[93]  M. Mamelak,et al.  Treatment of narcolepsy with gamma-hydroxybutyrate. A review of clinical and sleep laboratory findings. , 1986, Sleep.

[94]  R. Broughton,et al.  The Treatment of Narcolepsy-Cataplexy with Nocturnal Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate , 1979, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

[95]  T. Roth,et al.  Shift Work Sleep Disorder , 2012, Drugs.

[96]  D. Riemann Does Effective Management of Sleep Disorders Reduce Depressive Symptoms and the Risk of Depression? , 2012, Drugs.

[97]  J. Winkelman,et al.  Sleep-related eating disorder. , 2011, Handbook of clinical neurology.

[98]  W. Hening,et al.  Restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements in sleep. , 2011, Handbook of clinical neurology.

[99]  E. Mignot,et al.  Sodium oxybate is an effective and safe treatment for narcolepsy. , 2010, Sleep medicine.

[100]  M. Silber,et al.  Idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep disorder: associations with antidepressants, psychiatric diagnoses, and other factors, in relation to age of onset. , 2009, Sleep medicine.

[101]  T. Ebisawa,et al.  Circadian rhythms in the CNS and peripheral clock disorders: human sleep disorders and clock genes. , 2007, Journal of pharmacological sciences.

[102]  M. Littner,et al.  Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test. , 2005, Sleep.

[103]  Y. Dagan,et al.  Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: toward a more precise definition and diagnosis. , 1999, Chronobiology international.