Absolute quantification in SPECT

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allows the three-dimensional visualization of radioactivity within the human body and is widely used for clinical purposes. In SPECT, image quality is compromised by several factors including photon attenuation, photon scatter, the partial volume effect, and motion artefacts. These variables also confound the capacity of SPECT to quantify the concentration of radioactivity within given volumes of interest in absolute units, e.g. as kilobecquerels per cubic centimetre. In the last decade, considerable technical progress has been achieved in SPECT image reconstruction, involving, in particular, the development of iterative image reconstruction techniques. Furthermore, hybrid cameras integrating a SPECT camera with an X-ray CT scanner have become commercially available. These systems allow the acquisition of SPECT and CT datasets registered to each other with a high anatomical accuracy. First studies have shown that iterative SPECT image reconstruction techniques incorporating information from SPECT/CT image datasets greatly increase the accuracy of SPECT in quantifying radioactivity concentrations in phantoms and also in humans. This new potential of SPECT may improve not only diagnostic accuracy, but also dosimetry for internal radiotherapy.

[1]  J. Baruthio,et al.  First-pass MRI compartmental analysis at the chronic stage of infarction: myocardial flow reserve parametric map , 2000, Computers in Cardiology 2000. Vol.27 (Cat. 00CH37163).

[2]  Anna Celler,et al.  Implementation of an iterative scatter correction, the influence of attenuation map quality and their effect on absolute quantitation in SPECT , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[3]  Z. Liang,et al.  Quantitative SPECT brain imaging: effects of attenuation and detector responseat , 1991, Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference.

[4]  Brendan Vastenhouw,et al.  Targeted multi-pinhole SPECT , 2010, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

[5]  Youngho Seo,et al.  In Vivo Tumor Grading of Prostate Cancer Using Quantitative 111In-Capromab Pendetide SPECT/CT , 2010, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[6]  Yuni K Dewaraja,et al.  131I-Tositumomab Radioimmunotherapy: Initial Tumor Dose–Response Results Using 3-Dimensional Dosimetry Including Radiobiologic Modeling , 2010, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[7]  S Shcherbinin,et al.  Accuracy of quantitative reconstructions in SPECT/CT imaging , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[8]  Clive Baldock,et al.  Quantitative SPECT reconstruction using CT-derived corrections , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[9]  Lilli Geworski,et al.  Recovery correction for quantitation in emission tomography: a feasibility study , 2000, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[10]  Y Ma,et al.  3D simulations of radiotracer uptake in deep nuclei of human brain. , 1993, Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society.

[11]  A. Evans,et al.  Correction for partial volume effects in PET: principle and validation. , 1998, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[12]  B.H. Hasegawa,et al.  Use of X-ray CT-defined regions of interest for the determination of SPECT recovery coefficients , 1996, 1996 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record.

[13]  R. Kessler,et al.  Analysis of emission tomographic scan data: limitations imposed by resolution and background. , 1984, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[14]  B. H. Hasegawa,et al.  Investigation of the use of X-ray CT images for attenuation compensation in SPECT , 1994 .

[15]  H. Zaidi,et al.  Scatter Correction Strategies in Emission Tomography , 2006 .

[16]  Yong Du,et al.  Partial volume effect compensation for quantitative brain SPECT imaging , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[17]  R. Boellaard Standards for PET Image Acquisition and Quantitative Data Analysis , 2009, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[18]  Satoshi Minoshima,et al.  Imaging Cerebral Activity in Recovery from Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Preliminary Report , 2006, Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging.

[19]  R. Jaszczak,et al.  Improved SPECT quantification using compensation for scattered photons. , 1984, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[20]  Torsten Kuwert,et al.  Hybrid imaging by SPECT/CT and PET/CT: proven outcomes in cancer imaging. , 2009, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[21]  B H Hasegawa,et al.  Absolute quantification of regional myocardial uptake of 99mTc-sestamibi with SPECT: experimental validation in a porcine model. , 2001, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[22]  Joachim Hornegger,et al.  Isotropic reconstruction of SPECT data using OSEM3D: correlation with CT. , 2006, Academic radiology.

[23]  Eric C Frey,et al.  Model-based compensation for quantitative 123I brain SPECT imaging , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[24]  Eric C. Frey,et al.  Parameterization of the scatter response function in SPECT imaging using Monte Carlo simulation , 1990 .

[25]  M S Rosenthal,et al.  Quantitative SPECT imaging: a review and recommendations by the Focus Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine Computer and Instrumentation Council. , 1995, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[26]  R L Wahl,et al.  Procedure guideline for tumor imaging using fluorine-18-FDG. Society of Nuclear Medicine. , 1998, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[27]  A.J. Da Silva,et al.  Absolute quantitation of myocardial activity in phantoms , 1998, 1998 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. 1998 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (Cat. No.98CH36255).

[28]  Pierre Grangeat,et al.  Absolute quantitation of iodine-123 epidepride kinetics using single-photon emission tomography: comparison with carbon-11 epidepride and positron emission tomography , 1999, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[29]  M A King,et al.  Comparison of frequency-distance relationship and Gaussian-diffusion-based methods of compensation for distance-dependent spatial resolution in SPECT imaging. , 1998, Physics in medicine and biology.

[30]  C. Kirsch,et al.  Physical aspects of scintigraphybased dosimetry for nuclear medicine therapy , 2010, Nuklearmedizin.

[31]  C. Byrne,et al.  Reducing the influence of the partial volume effect on SPECT activity quantitation with 3D modelling of spatial resolution in iterative reconstruction. , 1998, Physics in medicine and biology.

[32]  Michael Ljungberg,et al.  Effects of dead time and pile up on quantitative SPECT for I-131 dosimetric studies , 2008 .

[33]  Michael E. Phelps,et al.  Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography , 1980 .

[34]  Lee-Tzuu Chang,et al.  A Method for Attenuation Correction in Radionuclide Computed Tomography , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[35]  Eric C. Frey,et al.  Modeling the scatter response function in inhomogeneous scattering media for SPECT , 1994 .

[36]  Burkhard Riemann,et al.  Risikostratifizierung von Patienten mit lokal aggressiven differenzierten Schilddrüsenkrebs – Ergebnisse der MSDS-Studie , 2010 .

[37]  B F Hutton,et al.  Application of distance-dependent resolution compensation and post-reconstruction filtering for myocardial SPECT. , 1998, Physics in medicine and biology.

[38]  X. Wu,et al.  Attenuation correction of SPECT using X-ray CT on an emission-transmission CT system: Myocardial perfusion assessment , 1995, 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record.

[39]  M Ljungberg,et al.  Scatter and attenuation correction in SPECT using density maps and Monte Carlo simulated scatter functions. , 1990, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[40]  Tracy L. Faber,et al.  Automated quality control of emission-transmission misalignment for attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion imaging with SPECT-CT systems , 2005 .

[41]  Kenneth F. Koral,et al.  Improving emission-computed-tomography quantification by Compton-scatter rejection through offset windows , 1986 .

[42]  Habib Zaidi,et al.  Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography. , 2003, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[43]  Eric C. Frey,et al.  Collimator-Detector Response Compensation in SPECT , 2006 .

[44]  I. Buvat,et al.  Respective roles of scatter, attenuation, depth-dependent collimator response and finite spatial resolution in cardiac single-photon emission tomography quantitation: a Monte Carlo study , 1999, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[45]  E C Frey,et al.  The importance and implementation of accurate 3D compensation methods for quantitative SPECT. , 1994, Physics in medicine and biology.

[46]  S. Cherry,et al.  Physics in Nuclear Medicine , 2004 .

[47]  Michael Lassmann,et al.  The impact of PET and SPECT on dosimetry for targeted radionuclide therapy. , 2006, Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik.

[48]  Irène Buvat,et al.  Quantitative accuracy of dopaminergic neurotransmission imaging with (123)I SPECT. , 2003, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[49]  P Hendrik Pretorius,et al.  Diminishing the impact of the partial volume effect in cardiac SPECT perfusion imaging. , 2008, Medical physics.

[50]  Raymond F. Muzic,et al.  A nonlinear spatially variant object-dependent system model for prediction of partial volume effects and scatter in PET , 1998, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[51]  Anders Sundin,et al.  Individualized dosimetry in patients undergoing therapy with 177Lu-DOTA-D-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotate , 2010, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

[52]  Thomas F Hany,et al.  Integrated PET/CT: current applications and future directions. , 2006, Radiology.

[53]  Grant T Gullberg,et al.  Dynamic single photon emission computed tomography—basic principles and cardiac applications , 2010, Physics in medicine and biology.

[54]  T D Cradduck,et al.  National electrical manufacturers association , 1983, Journal of the A.I.E.E..

[55]  N. Schramm,et al.  High-resolution SPECT using multi-pinhole collimation , 2002, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record.

[56]  K. Ogawa,et al.  A practical method for position-dependent Compton-scatter correction in single photon emission CT. , 1991, IEEE transactions on medical imaging.

[57]  R. G. Wells,et al.  Analytical calculation of scatter distributions in SPECT projections , 1995 .

[58]  K F Koral,et al.  SPECT Compton-scattering correction by analysis of energy spectra. , 1988, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[59]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography: 1. Effect of Object Size , 1979, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[60]  Michael A. King,et al.  Compensation for distance-dependent resolution in cardiac-perfusion SPECT: impact on uniformity of wall counts and wall thickness , 1998 .

[61]  Carmelo Sidoti,et al.  Chronic Cortical Stimulation for Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis: A Report of Four Consecutive Operated Cases after a 2-Year Follow-up: Technical Case Report , 2006, Neurosurgery.

[62]  H. Zaidi,et al.  Quantitative Analysis in Nuclear Medicine Imaging , 2007, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[63]  Tracy L Faber,et al.  Automated quality control of emission-transmission misalignment for attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion imaging with SPECT-CT systems. , 2006, Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.

[64]  Joachim Hornegger,et al.  Quantitative Accuracy of Clinical 99mTc SPECT/CT Using Ordered-Subset Expectation Maximization with 3-Dimensional Resolution Recovery, Attenuation, and Scatter Correction , 2010, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[65]  C E Floyd,et al.  Energy and spatial distribution of multiple order Compton scatter in SPECT: a Monte Carlo investigation. , 1984, Physics in medicine and biology.