V. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): measuring working memory.

This chapter focuses on the NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test, which was developed to assess processing speed within the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB). This test is a sequencing task requiring children and adults to process stimuli (presented both visually and auditorily) and sequence the stimuli according to size. We describe the development of the NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test, highlighting its utility in children. We examine descriptive data, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. Results indicated that List Sorting performance was positively correlated with age indicating that performance on the task improved throughout childhood and early adolescence. Further, test-retest reliability coefficients were high and there was support for both convergent and discriminant validity. These data suggest that the NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test is reliable and shows evidence of construct validity.

[1]  Pierre Barrouillet,et al.  Developmental change in working memory strategies: from passive maintenance to active refreshing. , 2011, Developmental psychology.

[2]  Zvia Breznitz,et al.  Assessment of working memory components at 6years of age as predictors of reading achievements a year later. , 2011, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[3]  C. Clark,et al.  The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds. , 2011, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[4]  Tara McAuley,et al.  A latent variables examination of processing speed, response inhibition, and working memory during typical development. , 2011, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[5]  Jason M. Chein,et al.  Domain-general mechanisms of complex working memory span , 2011, NeuroImage.

[6]  Yee Lee Shing,et al.  Memory Maintenance and Inhibitory Control Differentiate from Early Childhood to Adolescence Nih Public Access Author Manuscript Aims of This Study Analytical Strategy , 2022 .

[7]  Nelson Cowan,et al.  Multiple Concurrent Thoughts: The Meaning and Developmental Neuropsychology of Working Memory , 2010, Developmental neuropsychology.

[8]  T. Nettelbeck,et al.  Processing speed, working memory and reasoning ability from childhood to old age , 2010 .

[9]  Helen St Clair-Thompson,et al.  Backwards digit recall: A measure of short-term memory or working memory? , 2010 .

[10]  P. H. Miller,et al.  Executive Functions after Age 5: Changes and Correlates. , 2009, Developmental review : DR.

[11]  Joni Holmes,et al.  Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. , 2009, Developmental science.

[12]  J. Briscoe,et al.  Exploration of a 'double-jeopardy' hypothesis within working memory profiles for children with specific language impairment. , 2009, International journal of language & communication disorders.

[13]  S. Gathercole,et al.  The cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with low working memory. , 2009, Child development.

[14]  Gary H. Glover,et al.  Development of Spatial and Verbal Working Memory Capacity in the Human Brain , 2009, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[15]  Beatriz Luna,et al.  Development of working memory maintenance. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[16]  Torkel Klingberg,et al.  Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children. , 2009, Developmental science.

[17]  Susan Y. Bookheimer,et al.  Neurodevelopmental changes in verbal working memory load-dependency: An fMRI investigation , 2008, NeuroImage.

[18]  Dan M Mungas,et al.  Composite scores for executive function items: Demographic heterogeneity and relationships with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging , 2008, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[19]  S. Wiebe,et al.  Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. Latent structure. , 2008, Developmental psychology.

[20]  T. Klingberg,et al.  Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memory , 2008, Nature Neuroscience.

[21]  S. Bryson,et al.  Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework. , 2008, Psychological bulletin.

[22]  J. Fisk,et al.  Working memory functioning in developmental dyslexia , 2007, Memory.

[23]  R. Engle,et al.  The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory. , 2007, Psychological review.

[24]  Tracy Packiam Alloway,et al.  Verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory in children: are they separable? , 2006, Child development.

[25]  Tracy Packiam Alloway,et al.  How does working memory work in the classroom , 2006 .

[26]  B. Postle.  Working memory as an emergent property of the mind and brain , 2006, Neuroscience.

[27]  S. Gathercole,et al.  Working memory in children with reading disabilities. , 2006, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[28]  Gerald Goldstein,et al.  The profile of memory function in children with autism. , 2006, Neuropsychology.

[29]  S. M. Carlson.  Developmentally Sensitive Measures of Executive Function in Preschool Children , 2005, Developmental neuropsychology.

[30]  C. DeCarli,et al.  Criterion-referenced validity of a neuropsychological test battery: Equivalent performance in elderly Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites , 2005, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[31]  B. Pennington,et al.  Validity of the Executive Function Theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review , 2005, Biological Psychiatry.

[32]  T. Hare,et al.  Changes in cerebral functional organization during cognitive development , 2005, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[33]  John Adams,et al.  Children's working memory: investigating performance limitations in complex span tasks. , 2005, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[34]  Stefano Vicari,et al.  Spatial working memory deficits in children at ages 3-4 who were low birth weight, preterm infants. , 2004, Neuropsychology.

[35]  J. Steven Reznick,et al.  The Onset of Working Memory in Infants , 2004 .

[36]  M. Barnes,et al.  Changes in working memory after traumatic brain injury in children. , 2004, Neuropsychology.

[37]  B. Ambridge,et al.  The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age. , 2004, Developmental psychology.

[38]  P. Barrouillet,et al.  Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[39]  Hidenao Fukuyama,et al.  The neural basis of executive function in working memory: an fMRI study based on individual differences , 2004, NeuroImage.

[40]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Neuroimaging studies of working memory: , 2003, Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience.

[41]  V. Menon,et al.  Neural basis of protracted developmental changes in visuo-spatial working memory , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  David A. Rettinger,et al.  How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[43]  Y. Munakata.  Graded representations in behavioral dissociations , 2001, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[44]  G. Scerif,et al.  Executive Functioning as a Predictor of Children's Mathematics Ability: Inhibition, Switching, and Working Memory , 2001, Developmental neuropsychology.

[45]  R. Kail,et al.  Distinguishing short-term memory from working memory , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[46]  A. Baddeley.  The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? , 2000, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[47]  S. Hale,et al.  Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children , 2000, Biological Psychology.

[48]  M. J. Emerson,et al.  The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis , 2000, Cognitive Psychology.

[49]  J D Gabrieli,et al.  A resource model of the neural basis of executive working memory. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[50]  Christopher S. Monk,et al.  Functional neuroanatomy of spatial working memory in children. , 2000, Developmental psychology.

[51]  B. Postle,et al.  Maintenance versus Manipulation of Information Held in Working Memory: An Event-Related fMRI Study , 1999, Brain and Cognition.

[52]  R. Engle,et al.  Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex. , 1999 .

[53]  G. Hitch,et al.  A Reevaluation of Working Memory Capacity in Children , 1998 .

[54]  T. Goldberg,et al.  Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. , 1997, Archives of general psychiatry.

[55]  S. Hale,et al.  Processing Speed, Working Memory, and Fluid Intelligence: Evidence for a Developmental Cascade , 1996 .

[56]  H. J. Hoffman,et al.  Brain tumors in children and adolescents—I. Effects on working, associative and serial-order memory of IQ, age at tumor onset and age of tumor , 1991, Neuropsychologia.

[57]  Robbie Case,et al.  The Structure and Process of Intellectual Development , 1987 .

[58]  G. Hitch,et al.  Working memory in children , 1983 .

[59]  F. N. Dempster,et al.  Memory Span: Sources of Individual and Developmental Differences , 1981 .