To Err or Not to Err: A Question for the Instruction of Psychomotor Skills

s International, 1969, No. 69-20, 790, p. 2385-A. Prather, D. C. Trial-and-error versus errorless learning: Training, transfer and stress. American Journal of Psychology, 1971, 84, 377-386. Prather, D. C., & Berry, G. A. Comparison of trial-and-error versus highly prompted learning of a perceptual skill. Proceedings of the 78th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1970, 5, 677-678. Prather, D. C., Berry, G. A., & Bermudez, J. M. Effect of prompting and feedback on performance during learning, stress, and transfer of a perceptual skill. Proceedings of the 80th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1972, 7, 643-644. Schmidt, R. A. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 1975, 82, 225-260. Schurr, E. Movement experiences for children. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1967. Seidel, R. J. Theories and strategies related to measurement in individualized instruction (HumRRO Tec. Rep. 2-71). Alexandria, Va.: Human Resources Research Organization, March 1971. Shulman, L., & Keislar, E. Learning by discovery-a critical appraisal. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966. Singer, R. N. Coaching, athletics, and psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972. Singer, R. N. Motor Learning and human performance. (2nd ed.) New York: Macmillan, 1975. Singer, R. N., & Dick, W. Teaching physical education: A systems approach. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974. Singer, R. N., & Gaines, L. Effect of prompted and trial-and-error learning on transfer performance of a serial motor task. American Educational Research Journal, 1975, 12, 395-403. Singer, R. N., & Pease, D. The effect of different instructional strategies on

[1]  E. G. Aiken,et al.  Response prompting and response confirmation: a review of recent literature. , 1967, Psychological bulletin.

[2]  G. Stelmach Motor Control: Issues and Trends , 1976 .

[3]  R. Craig Directed versus independent discovery of established relations. , 1956 .

[4]  Katherine Eva. Ludgate,et al.  The effect of manual guidance upon maze learning , 1923 .

[5]  J. V. von Wright,et al.  A note on the role of guidance in learning. , 1957, British journal of psychology.

[6]  Stewart Hanley The Sense of Feel in Golf , 1937 .

[7]  D. Holding,et al.  Transfer of Training after Guidance or Practice , 1966, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[8]  B. Skinner,et al.  Technology of Teaching , 1967, Nature.

[9]  Oonagh Hartnett,et al.  Error in Responses to Infrequent Signals , 1975 .

[10]  W. Anthony Learning to Discover Rules by Discovery. , 1973 .

[11]  H. Terrace,et al.  OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR DISCRIMINATION LEARNING WITH AND WITHOUT " ERRORS " ' , 2005 .

[12]  Robert N. Singer Coaching, Athletics, and Psychology , 1971 .

[13]  Jack E. Kittell An experimental study of the effect of external direction during learning on transfer and retention of principles. , 1957 .

[14]  Bert Y. Kersh The motivating effect of learning by directed discovery. , 1962 .

[15]  A W Macrae,et al.  Rate and force of guidance in perceptual-motor tasks with reversed or random spatial correspondence. , 1966, Ergonomics.

[16]  Blaine R. Worthern Discovery and Expository Task Presentation in Elementary Mathematics. , 1968 .

[17]  A. T. Welford,et al.  The fundamentals of skill , 1968 .

[18]  C. Keene,et al.  The Teaching of Physical Education , 1937 .

[19]  A W Macrae,et al.  Guided practice in direct and reversed serial tracking. , 1965, Ergonomics.

[20]  A. Gentile A Working Model of Skill Acquisition with Application to Teaching , 1972 .

[21]  Steven W. Keele,et al.  Attention and human performance , 1973 .

[22]  John G. Kreifeldt,et al.  A Dynamic Model of Behavior in a Discrete Open-Loop Self-Paced Motor Skill , 1972, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[23]  E. Poulton On prediction in skilled movements. , 1957, Psychological bulletin.

[24]  R. Glaser Components of a Psychology of Instruction: Toward a Science of Design , 1976 .

[25]  H. Kay Learning of a Serial Task by Different Age Groups , 1951 .

[26]  Robert C. Craig,et al.  The transfer value of guided learning , 1953 .

[27]  Robert J. Seidel,et al.  Theories and Strategies Related to Measurement in Individualized Instruction. , 1971 .

[28]  D. Taylor Influence of Training Procedure on Multiple Choice Learning , 1970 .

[29]  Poulton Ec On prediction in skilled movements. , 1957 .

[30]  R. Schmidt A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. , 1975 .

[31]  R W Pew,et al.  Toward a process-oriented theory of human skilled performance. , 1970, Journal of motor behavior.

[32]  D. Ausubel The psychology of meaningful verbal learning. , 1963 .

[33]  Bert Y. Kersh The adequacy of "meaning" as an explanation for the superiority of learning by independent discovery. , 1958 .

[34]  H. Terrace,et al.  Errorless transfer of a discrimination across two continua. , 1963, Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior.

[35]  J. Brophy Some good five cent cigars 1 , 1974 .

[36]  H. Kay,et al.  Learning and retaining verbal material. , 1955, British journal of psychology.

[37]  J. O. Cook Supplementary report: processes underlying learning a single pairedassociate item. , 1958 .

[38]  R. H. Waters The Influence of Large Amounts of Manual Guidance upon Human Maze Learning , 1930 .

[39]  T. L. Wang The influence of Tuition in the acquisition of skill , 2022 .

[40]  Richard E. Mayer,et al.  Information Processing Variables in Learning to Solve Problems , 1975 .

[41]  H. L. Koch The influence of mechanical guidance upon maze learning , 1923 .

[42]  J. H. Duthie,et al.  Habit lag: when "automatization" is dysfunctional. , 1975, The Journal of psychology.

[43]  Muska Mosston Teaching: from command to discovery , 1972 .

[44]  E. Keislar,et al.  Learning by discovery : a critical appraisal , 1969 .

[45]  Jm Wright Von A note on the role of guidance in learning. , 1957 .

[46]  D. H. Holding,et al.  Repeated Errors in Motor Learning , 1970 .

[47]  E. Belbin,et al.  ‘ UNLEARNING ’ AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO AGE , 1964 .

[48]  J. Oxendine Psychology of motor learning , 1968 .

[49]  D. H. Holding,et al.  METHOD AND TASK IN MOTOR GUIDANCE , 1965 .

[50]  D C Prather,et al.  Trial-and-error versus errorless learning: training, transfer, and stress. , 1971, The American journal of psychology.