Gamification in Management Education: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract Quality of teaching is increasingly important for the success of educational institutions. In this context, gamification is a tool often used to improve the teaching-learning process by helping both teachers and students reach their goals in the short, medium and long term. Given the importance of the topic both in academia and society, this article presents a systematic review of the literature on the use of gamification as a tool to enhance the quality of the teaching process in general, and, in particular, the teaching of management. The study searches the most relevant literature on the application of gamification to educational contexts and describes gamification’s main themes and constructs based on a systematic literature review of scholarly articles available in ISI Web of Science and Scopus databases. One of the main results of this study is to describe theoretical approaches to gamification and provide a conceptual model that gathers the contribution of various studies and paves the way for future research.

[1]  Andrija Bernik,et al.  Gamification in E-Learning: Introducing Gamified Design Elements into E-Learning Systems , 2015, J. Comput. Sci..

[2]  Geoff R. Goehle.  Gamification and Web-based Homework , 2013 .

[3]  E. Deci,et al.  The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality , 1985 .

[4]  Meritxell Monguillot Hernando,et al.  Play the Game: ludificació i hàbits saludables en l’educació física , 2015 .

[5]  Tengku Siti Meriam Tengku Wook,et al.  Gamification elements for learning applications , 2016 .

[6]  James C. Lester,et al.  Affect and Engagement in Game-BasedLearning Environments , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[7]  José E. Moreira,et al.  Preface: IBM POWER8 technology , 2015 .

[8]  Tao Yu,et al.  An Enjoyable Learning Experience in Personalising Learning Based on Knowledge Management: A Case Study , 2017 .

[9]  S. Conway.  Zombification?: Gamification, motivation, and the user , 2014 .

[10]  Elena V. Chubarkova,et al.  Educational game systems in artificial intelligence course , 2016 .

[11]  C.-H. Cheng,et al.  A mobile gamification learning system for improving the learning motivation and achievements , 2015, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[12]  Heinz Mandl,et al.  How gamification motivates: An experimental study of the effects of specific game design elements on psychological need satisfaction , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[13]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  GamiCAD: a gamified tutorial system for first time autocad users , 2012, UIST.

[14]  Michel Leonard,et al.  Gamification-based assessment of group work , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL).

[15]  T. Lindquist,et al.  TEACHING RESOURCE Using MONOPOLY TM and Teams-GamesTournaments in accounting education: a cooperative learning teaching resource , 1998 .

[16]  Joey J. Lee,et al.  Gamification in Education: What, How, Why Bother? , 2011 .

[17]  E. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. , 2000, Contemporary educational psychology.

[18]  José Martí Parreño,et al.  The use of gamification in education: a bibliometric and text mining analysis , 2016, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[19]  James J. Appleton,et al.  Student engagement with school: Critical conceptual and methodological issues of the construct. , 2008 .

[20]  Szu-Yuan Sun,et al.  What influences college students to continue using business simulation games? The Taiwan experience , 2009, Comput. Educ..

[21]  Dimitrios Buhalis,et al.  Serious games and the gamification of tourism , 2017 .

[22]  Judith Bustillo,et al.  Benefits of using a mobile application in learning a foreign language , 2017 .

[23]  Juho Hamari,et al.  Demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[24]  Adrian A. de Freitas,et al.  Classroom Live: a software-assisted gamification tool , 2013 .

[25]  B. Scott-Ladd,et al.  Enhancing workplace motivation through gamification: Transferrable lessons from pedagogy , 2016 .

[26]  Ben Kirman,et al.  Practical, appropriate, empirically-validated guidelines for designing educational games , 2011, CHI.

[27]  Enric Serradell-López,et al.  Comparing student competences in a face-to-face and online business game , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[28]  Alex A. Volinsky,et al.  Study of Gamification Effectiveness in Online e-Learning Systems , 2015 .

[29]  P. Tynjälä.  Towards expert knowledge? A comparison between a constructivist and a traditional learning environment in the university , 1999 .

[30]  Mohd Yazid Saman,et al.  Influence of Gamification on Students' Motivation in using E-Learning Applications Based on the Motivational Design Model , 2015, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn..

[31]  Cher Ping,et al.  Motivating students to learn , 2005, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[32]  Liliana Gonzalez,et al.  Motivation and Virtual Education in Computer Science: Case Universidad de Medellín-Colombia , 2017, IEEE Latin America Transactions.

[33]  T. Kratochwill,et al.  Training in Evidence-Based Interventions (EBIs): What are school psychology programs teaching? , 2003 .

[34]  Katie Davis,et al.  Digital badges in afterschool learning: Documenting the perspectives and experiences of students and educators , 2015, Comput. Educ..

[35]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis. , 1973 .

[36]  Kuo-En Chang,et al.  Embedding game-based problem-solving phase into problem-posing system for mathematics learning , 2012, Comput. Educ..

[37]  Mario Muñoz Organero,et al.  Can Gamification Improve the Benefits of Student Response Systems in Learning? An Experimental Study , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing.

[38]  Luis de Marcos,et al.  An empirical study comparing gamification and social networking on e-learning , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[39]  N. Frontczak.  A Paradigm for the Selection, Use and Development of Experiential Learning Activities in Marketing Education , 1998 .

[40]  Elizabeth J. Whitt,et al.  Student Success in College: Creating Conditions That Matter , 2012 .

[41]  Patrick Buckley,et al.  Individualising gamification: An investigation of the impact of learning styles and personality traits on the efficacy of gamification using a prediction market , 2017, Comput. Educ..

[42]  Michael J. D. Sutton,et al.  Gamification, serious games, simulations, and immersive learning environments in knowledge management initiatives , 2017 .

[43]  Hatice Ferhan Odabasi,et al.  Effects of an online problem based learning course on content knowledge acquisition and critical thinking skills , 2009, Comput. Educ..

[44]  Kalman J. Cohen,et al.  The Role of Management Games in Education and Research , 1961 .

[45]  M. Rossiter,et al.  Narrative learning in adulthood , 2008 .

[46]  Heather P Libbey,et al.  Measuring student relationships to school: attachment, bonding, connectedness, and engagement. , 2004, The Journal of school health.

[47]  Ramón Cózar-Gutiérrez,et al.  Game-based learning and gamification in initial teacher training in the social sciences: an experiment with MinecraftEdu , 2016, International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education.

[48]  M. Vinogradova,et al.  Improvement in the Learning Environment through Gamification of the Educational Process , 2016 .

[49]  M. Csíkszentmihályi,et al.  Talented Teenagers: The Roots of Success and Failure , 1993 .

[50]  Pearl Brereton,et al.  Systematic literature reviews in software engineering - A systematic literature review , 2009, Inf. Softw. Technol..

[51]  R. Landers.  Developing a Theory of Gamified Learning , 2014 .

[52]  Katheryn R. Christy,et al.  Leaderboards in a virtual classroom: A test of stereotype threat and social comparison explanations for women's math performance , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[53]  E. Deci,et al.  Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education: Reconsidered Once Again , 2001 .

[54]  Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo,et al.  A social gamification framework for a K-6 learning platform , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[55]  María Clara Gómez Álvarez,et al.  Assessment proposal of teaching and learning strategies in software process improvement , 2015 .

[56]  John W. Rice,et al.  The Gamification of Learning and Instruction: Game-Based Methods and Strategies for Training and Education , 2012, Int. J. Gaming Comput. Mediat. Simulations.

[57]  Ross M. Higashi,et al.  Are badges useful in education?: it depends upon the type of badge and expertise of learner , 2013 .

[58]  Pedro A. Toledo,et al.  Enhancing the engagement of intelligent tutorial systems through personalization of gamification , 2016 .

[59]  J. Hattie,et al.  The Power of Feedback , 2007 .

[60]  Kyoungsu Oh,et al.  Difficulty Balancing and Review Management System for Smart Mobile Learning , 2015, MUE 2015.

[61]  José C. López-Ardao,et al.  Using Social Learning Methodologies in Higher Education , 2015, Int. J. Eng. Pedagog..

[62]  Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah,et al.  Gamification of Education: A Review of Literature , 2014, HCI.

[63]  D. Dicheva,et al.  Gamifying education: what is known, what is believed and what remains uncertain: a critical review , 2017, International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education.

[64]  Dick Schoech,et al.  Gamification for Behavior Change: Lessons from Developing a Social, Multiuser, Web-Tablet Based Prevention Game for Youths , 2013 .

[65]  John R. Tanner,et al.  Business Simulation Games: Effective Teaching Tools or Window Dressing?. , 2012 .

[66]  M. Csíkszentmihályi.  The domain of creativity. , 1990 .

[67]  Emily Evans,et al.  Gamification in a Year 10 Latin Classroom: Ineffective ‘Edutainment’ or a Valid Pedagogical Tool? , 2016 .

[68]  K. Werbach,et al.  For the Win: How Game Thinking Can Revolutionize Your Business , 2012 .

[69]  E. Deci,et al.  Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[70]  Jennifer Urner,et al.  Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy , 1995 .

[71]  Kristy de Salas,et al.  Improving Learning Experiences Through Gamification: A Case Study , 2015 .

[72]  E. Brunsell,et al.  "Flipping" Your Classroom , 2011 .

[73]  Alex Sandro Gomes,et al.  Effectiveness of gamification in the engagement of students , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[74]  John L. Sherry,et al.  Orientations to Video Games Among Gender and Age Groups , 2010 .

[75]  Alan Webb,et al.  The Use of Management Accounting Techniques by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Field Study of Canadian and Australian Practice† , 2016 .

[76]  A. Pritchard.  Ways of Learning: Learning Theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom , 2006 .

[77]  H. Eysenck,et al.  Genetics and the development of social attitudes , 1974, Nature.

[78]  Chei Sian Lee,et al.  Why do people play human computation games? Effects of perceived enjoyment and perceived output quality , 2015, Aslib J. Inf. Manag..

[79]  R. Sartori,et al.  Studying teamwork and team climate by using a business simulation. How communication and innovation can improve group learning and decision-making performance , 2014 .

[80]  James M. Boyle,et al.  A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games and serious games , 2012, Comput. Educ..

[81]  Harriet Black Nembhard,et al.  Knowledge discovery of game design features by mining user-generated feedback , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[82]  Bastian C. Müller,et al.  Gamification in Factory Management Education – A Case Study with Lego Mindstorms☆ , 2015 .

[83]  Eric Brunsell,et al.  Combine Your Technologies for 21st-Century Results , 2011 .

[84]  Elizabeth A. Murphy,et al.  Enhancing student learning with governmental accounting jeopardy , 2005 .

[85]  I. Ajzen.  The theory of planned behavior , 1991 .

[86]  Pei-Chi Chen,et al.  Teaching quality in higher education: An introductory review on a process-oriented teaching-quality model , 2014 .

[87]  D. Tranfield,et al.  Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review , 2003 .

[88]  Gilad Ravid,et al.  Detecting playfulness in educational gamification through behavior patterns , 2015, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[89]  Theodore J. Kopcha,et al.  Teaching Technology Integration to K-12 Educators: A ‘Gamified’ Approach , 2016 .

[90]  Chung-Ho Su,et al.  The Effects of Learning Styles and Meaningful Learning on the Learning Achievement of Gamification Health Education Curriculum. , 2015 .

[91]  Victoria A. Fratto.  Enhance Student Learning with PowerPoint Games: Using Twenty Questions to Promote Active Learning in Managerial Accounting , 2011, Int. J. Inf. Commun. Technol. Educ..

[92]  J. Banks,et al.  Diversity, Group Identity, and Citizenship Education in a Global Age , 2008, Handbuch Bildungs- und Erziehungssoziologie.

[94]  Lu Ding,et al.  Studies of student engagement in gamified online discussions , 2017, Comput. Educ..

[95]  Juho Hamari,et al.  International Journal of Information Management Why Do People Use Gamification Services? , 2022 .

[96]  Bozena Poksinska,et al.  Practise what you preach: quality of education in education on quality , 2015 .

[97]  J. Biggs.  What the student does: teaching for enhanced learning , 1999 .

[98]  Jordi Perramon,et al.  Is it worth it to consider videogames in accounting education? A comparison of a simulation and a videogame in attributes, motivation and learning outcomes , 2017 .

[99]  David C. Hayes,et al.  Using The Jeopardy Game To Enhance Student Understanding Of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) Exam Material , 2011, BIS 2011.

[100]  S. Brull,et al.  Using Gamification to Improve Productivity and Increase Knowledge Retention During Orientation , 2017, The Journal of nursing administration.

[101]  José Martí Parreño,et al.  Higher education students’ attitude towards the use of gamification for competencies development , 2017 .

[102]  R. Landers,et al.  An Evaluation of Gamified Training: Using Narrative to Improve Reactions and Learning , 2017 .

[103]  Ó. Román,et al.  Triangulation of Successful Sources in Teaching: Learning Styles, Gamification and Self-regulated Learning , 2016, Revista de Estilos de Aprendizaje.

[104]  Ina Blau,et al.  Scaffolding game-based learning: Impact on learning achievements, perceived learning, and game experiences , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[105]  Mark R. Young,et al.  Enhancing Learning Outcomes: The Effects of Instructional Technology, Learning Styles, Instructional Methods, and Student Behavior , 2003 .

[106]  Dolores Albarracín,et al.  Attitudes and persuasion: From biology to social responses to persuasive intent. , 2010 .

[107]  Richard N. Landers,et al.  Enhancing instructional outcomes with gamification: An empirical test of the Technology-Enhanced Training Effectiveness Model , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[108]  Luis de Marcos Ortega,et al.  Towards the social gamification of e-learning: a practical experiment , 2017 .

[109]  Juho Hamari,et al.  Transforming homo economicus into homo ludens: A field experiment on gamification in a utilitarian peer-to-peer trading service , 2013, Electron. Commer. Res. Appl..

[110]  Thair Hamtini,et al.  A Gamified e-Learning Design Model to Promote and Improve Learning , 2016 .

[111]  Saša Mladenović,et al.  Using Games to Help Novices Embrace Programming: From Elementary to Higher Education , 2016 .

[112]  Adrian A. de Freitas,et al.  Classroom Live: a software-assisted gamification tool , 2013, Comput. Sci. Educ..

[113]  J. Hargis,et al.  ANALYZING THE EFFICACY OF THE TESTING EFFECT USING KAHOOTTM ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE , 2017 .

[114]  Darryl Charles,et al.  Game-based feedback for educational multi-user virtual environments , 2011, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[115]  Kristin E. Voelkl,et al.  Disruptive and Inattentive-Withdrawn Behavior and Achievement among Fourth Graders , 1995, The Elementary School Journal.

[116]  Manish M Patel,et al.  Systematic Literature Review of Role of Noroviruses in Sporadic Gastroenteritis , 2008, Emerging infectious diseases.

[117]  Frances M. Hill.  Managing service quality in higher education: the role of the student as primary consumer , 1995 .

[118]  Siti Salwah Salim,et al.  Gamification Solutions to Enhance Software User Engagement—A Systematic Review , 2016, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[119]  Haim Levkowitz,et al.  Conceptual mile markers to improve time-to-value for exploratory search sessions , 2012 .

[120]  Yigal Attali,et al.  Gamification in assessment: Do points affect test performance? , 2015, Comput. Educ..

[121]  Ronald B. Marks,et al.  Determinants of Student Evaluations of Global Measures of Instructor and Course Value , 2000 .

[122]  Alessandro De Gloria,et al.  A gamified collaborative course in entrepreneurship: Focus on objectives and tools , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[123]  J. Witt.  Action’s Effect on Perception , 2011 .

[124]  Kim Flintoff,et al.  Digital badges in education , 2013, Education and Information Technologies.

[125]  Luis de Marcos,et al.  Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes , 2013, Comput. Educ..

[126]  Chung-Ho Su,et al.  Developing and Evaluating Creativity Gamification Rehabilitation System: The Application of PCA-ANFIS Based Emotions Model. , 2016 .

[127]  Scott E. Caplan,et al.  Who plays, how much, and why? Debunking the stereotypical gamer profile , 2008, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[128]  An innovative method of classroom presentation: What is “Jeopardy?” , 1997 .

[129]  Clint A. Bowers,et al.  Measuring the flow experience of gamers: An evaluation of the DFS-2 , 2012, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[130]  Süleyman Murat Yıldız,et al.  Service quality evaluation in the school of physical education and sports: An empirical investigation of students' perceptions , 2014 .

[131]  A. Paswan,et al.  Student Evaluation of Instructor: A Nomological Investigation Using Structural Equation Modeling , 2002 .

[132]  M. Maehr,et al.  Understanding Motivation and Schooling: Where We've Been, Where We Are, and Where We Need to Go , 1997 .

[133]  Juho Hamari,et al.  Defining gamification: a service marketing perspective , 2012, MindTrek.

[134]  Dan Hunter,et al.  Using a gamified mobile app to increase student engagement, retention and academic achievement , 2017, International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education.

[135]  Jennifer A. Fredricks,et al.  School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence , 2004 .

[136]  Stoyan R. Stoyanov,et al.  Gamification for health and wellbeing: A systematic review of the literature , 2016, Internet interventions.

[137]  John Dunlosky,et al.  Improving Students’ Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology , 2012 .

[138]  Jesse Fox,et al.  Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance , 2015, Comput. Educ..

[139]  David Zyngier,et al.  How Motivation Influences Student Engagement: A Qualitative Case Study. , 2012 .

[140]  M. Petticrew,et al.  Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide , 2005 .

[141]  Alexandre N. Tuch,et al.  Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[142]  Juan Manuel Dodero,et al.  Assessing Foreign Language Learning Through Mobile Game-Based Learning Environments , 2016, Int. J. Hum. Cap. Inf. Technol. Prof..

[143]  Juho Hamari,et al.  A definition for gamification: anchoring gamification in the service marketing literature , 2016, Electronic Markets.

[144]  Jodi Asbell-Clarke,et al.  Challenging games help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[145]  Guido Cavaletti,et al.  The lipogenic regulator Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Factor-1c is required to maintain peripheral nerve structure and function , 2015, SpringerPlus.

[146]  I. Ajzen.  Nature and operation of attitudes. , 2001, Annual review of psychology.

[147]  Mads Kock Pedersen,et al.  StudentResearcher - A virtual learning environment for interactive engagement with advanced quantum mechanics , 2015, 1511.01714.

[148]  Carina Soledad González González,et al.  Breaking the Rules: Gamification of Learning and Educational Materials , 2013 .

[149]  Jerry Chih-Yuan Sun,et al.  The benefits of a challenge: student motivation and flow experience in tablet-PC-game-based learning , 2015, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[150]  Anol Bhattacherjee,et al.  Elucidating Individual Intention to Use Interactive Information Technologies: The Role of Network Externalities , 2008, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[151]  Martin H. Levinson.  Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention , 1997 .

[152]  Rosella Gennari,et al.  Children's emotions and quality of products in participatory game design , 2017, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[153]  Ali Idri,et al.  A systematic review of gamification in e-Health , 2017, J. Biomed. Informatics.

[154]  Sebastian Deterding,et al.  Gamification: designing for motivation , 2012, INTR.

[155]  Gwo-Jen Hwang,et al.  Interaction between gaming and multistage guiding strategies on students' field trip mobile learning performance and motivation , 2016, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[156]  Mark D. Griffiths,et al.  Breaking the Stereotype: The Case of Online Gaming , 2003, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[157]  Magne Matre Gåsland.  Game Mechanic based E-Learning : A case study , 2011 .

[158]  Christopher Kumar Anand,et al.  Gamification and serious game approaches for adult literacy tablet software , 2014, Entertain. Comput..

[159]  Alexander Bartel,et al.  Engaging Students with a Mobile Game-Based Learning System in University Education , 2014 .

[160]  Zhijiang Dong,et al.  Engaging Computer Science Students through Gamification in an Online Social Network Based Collaborative Learning Environment , 2013 .

[161]  Daniel T. Hickey,et al.  A multilevel analysis of the effects of external rewards on elementary students' motivation, engagement and learning in an educational game , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[162]  Patrick Buckley,et al.  Gamification and student motivation , 2016, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[163]  Steve Dale.  Gamification , 2014 .

[164]  Ari Korhonen,et al.  The Effect of Achievement Badges on Students' Behavior: An Empirical Study in a University-Level Computer Science Course , 2015, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn..

[165]  Juho Hamari,et al.  Measuring flow in gamification: Dispositional Flow Scale-2 , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[166]  Yen-Chun Chen,et al.  Do website features matter in an online gamification context? Focusing on the mediating roles of user experience and attitude , 2017, Telematics Informatics.

[167]  Julia Olmos-Peñuela,et al.  Pedagogical value of a common knowledge repository for Business Management courses , 2016 .

[168]  Christopher Cunningham,et al.  Gamification by Design - Implementing Game Mechanics in Web and Mobile Apps , 2011 .

[169]  Daniel Arias-Aranda,et al.  Implementation of a Gamification Platform in a Master Degree (Master in Economics) , 2017 .

[170]  Galia Angelova,et al.  Gamification in Education: A Systematic Mapping Study , 2015, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[171]  E. Kahu.  Framing student engagement in higher education , 2013 .

[172]  Joseph R. Fanfarelli,et al.  Building Better Digital Badges , 2016 .

[173]  Antonio García-Cabot,et al.  Social network analysis of a gamified e-learning course: Small-world phenomenon and network metrics as predictors of academic performance , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[174]  F. Korthagen,et al.  Values in education: A challenge for teacher educators , 2005 .

[175]  Cynthia L. Krom.  Using FarmVille in an Introductory Managerial Accounting Course to Engage Students, Enhance Comprehension, and Develop Social Networking Skills , 2012 .

[176]  Richard A. Riley,et al.  Using a Business Simulation to Enhance Accounting Education , 2013 .

[177]  Maciej Laskowski,et al.  What Can Gamified University Classroom Teach Us , 2014 .

[178]  Khe Foon Hew,et al.  Engaging Asian students through game mechanics: Findings from two experiment studies , 2016, Comput. Educ..

[179]  Paul Denny,et al.  The effect of virtual achievements on student engagement , 2013, CHI.

[180]  Reinhard Pekrun,et al.  Perceived learning environment and students' emotional experiences: A multilevel analysis of mathematics classrooms. , 2007 .

[181]  Joana Dias,et al.  Teaching operations research to undergraduate management students: The role of gamification , 2017 .

[182]  Andrew K. Przybylski,et al.  The Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach , 2006 .

[183]  Alex Avramenko,et al.  Enhancing Students' Employability through Business Simulation. , 2012 .

[184]  Cathy H. C. Hsu.  Learning styles of hospitality students: Nature or nurture? , 1999 .

[185]  Han-Kyung Yun,et al.  The Role of Gamification in Education - A Literature Review , 2014 .

[186]  Yang Chen,et al.  Cogent: A Case Study of Meaningful Gamification in Education with Virtual Currency , 2015, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn..

[187]  Ian Glover,et al.  Play As You Learn: Gamification as a Technique for Motivating Learners , 2013 .

[188]  Mickey Howard,et al.  The innovation game: lessons in strategy and managing operations , 2012 .

[189]  Marcus Leaning,et al.  A study of the use of games and gamification to enhance student engagement, experience and achievement on a theory-based course of an undergraduate media degree , 2015 .

[190]  Richard E. Mayer,et al.  Multimedia Learning: The Promise of Multimedia Learning , 2001 .

[191]  Alessandro De Gloria,et al.  A Gamified Short Course for Promoting Entrepreneurship among ICT Engineering Students , 2013, 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies.

[192]  Daniel G. Bachrach,et al.  The influence of management journals in the 1980s and 1990s , 2005 .

[193]  Juho Hamari,et al.  Does Gamification Work? -- A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification , 2014, 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[194]  Patricia Kristine Sheridan,et al.  Gamification as a Strategy for Promoting Deeper Investigation in a Reverse Engineering Activity , 2012 .

[195]  Richard N. Landers,et al.  Casual Social Games as Serious Games: The Psychology of Gamification in Undergraduate Education and Employee Training , 2011, Serious Games and Edutainment Applications.

[196]  Danguole Rutkauskiene,et al.  Technological Aspects of the Gamification Model for e-Learning Participant's Engagement , 2016, Balt. J. Mod. Comput..

[197]  W. Harlen,et al.  Testing and Motivation for Learning , 2003 .

[198]  Ali Kashif Bashir,et al.  Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) , 2013, ICIRA 2013.

[199]  J. McGonigal.  Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World , 2011 .

[200]  Chris Rust,et al.  Improving Students' Learning by Developing their Understanding of Assessment Criteria and Processes , 2003 .

[201]  Amy K. Landers,et al.  An Empirical Test of the Theory of Gamified Learning , 2014 .

[202]  Justin Filippou,et al.  Towards the Gamification of Learning: Investigating Student Perceptions of Game Elements , 2014, J. Inf. Syst. Educ..

[203]  D. Kolb,et al.  Learning Styles and Learning Spaces: Enhancing Experiential Learning in Higher Education , 2005 .

[204]  Emel Koc Avsar.  ANALYSIS OF GAMIFICATION OF EDUCATION , 2017 .

[205]  S. Jackson,et al.  Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Management Practices , 1987 .

[206]  András Kétyi..  From Mobile Language Learning to Gamification: an Overlook of Research Results with Business Management Students over a Five-Year Period , 2016 .

[207]  Cyril Brom,et al.  Flow, social interaction anxiety and salivary cortisol responses in serious games: A quasi-experimental study , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[208]  T. Guin,et al.  Myths and Realities of Respondent Engagement in Online Surveys , 2012 .

[209]  Steve Nebel,et al.  The higher the score, the higher the learning outcome? Heterogeneous impacts of leaderboards and choice within educational videogames , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[210]  Robb Lindgren,et al.  Using badges for shaping interactions in online learning environments , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference.

[211]  R. LaPiere.  Attitudes vs Actions. 1934. , 1934, International journal of epidemiology.

[212]  Mustafa Güler,et al.  Gamifying an ICT course: Influences on engagement and academic performance , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[213]  Nataliia V. Iaremenko,et al.  ENHANCING ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS’ MOTIVATION THROUGH ONLINE GAMES , 2017 .

[214]  Ming-Shiou Kuo,et al.  How gamification motivates visits and engagement for online academic dissemination - An empirical study , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[215]  Daniel T. Hickey,et al.  Wikifolios and Participatory Assessment for Engagement, Understanding, and Achievement in Online Courses , 2012 .

[216]  Robertas Damasevicius,et al.  Computational Evaluation of Effects of Motivation Reinforcement on Player Retention , 2017, J. Univers. Comput. Sci..

[217]  Jay Bal,et al.  Gamification as a tool for increasing the depth of student understanding using a collaborative e-learning environment , 2013 .

[218]  Matthew Montebello,et al.  Social Interactive Learning in Multiplayer Games , 2011, Serious Games and Edutainment Applications.

[219]  Garcia-CabotAntonio,et al.  Social network analysis of a gamified e-learning course , 2016 .

[220]  Susan M. Moncada,et al.  Gamification of Learning in Accounting Education , 2014 .

[221]  Venkatesh,et al.  A Longitudinal Field Investigation of Gender Differences in Individual Technology Adoption Decision-Making Processes. , 2000, Organizational behavior and human decision processes.

[222]  Hiromi Ban,et al.  An English vocabulary learning support system for the learner’s sustainable motivation , 2015, SpringerPlus.

[223]  Carlos Delgado-Kloos,et al.  Gamification for Engaging Computer Science Students in Learning Activities: A Case Study , 2014 .

[224]  Halia Silins,et al.  Schools as Learning Organisations - Effects on Teacher Leadership and Student Outcomes , 2004 .

[225]  Lennart E. Nacke,et al.  From game design elements to gamefulness: defining "gamification" , 2011, MindTrek.

[226]  Wim Westera,et al.  Introducing serious games with Wikis: empowering the teacher with simple technologies , 2014, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[227]  Lorenzo Cantoni,et al.  Teacher perceptions on the use of digital gamified learning in tourism education: The case of South African secondary schools , 2017, Comput. Educ..

[228]  E. Miller.  Handbook of Social Psychology , 1946, Mental Health.

[229]  Margarita Martinez-Nuñez,et al.  New challenges for the motivation and learning in engineering education using gamification in MOOC , 2015 .

[230]  D. Alabbasi.  Exploring Graduate Students' Perspectives towards Using Gamification Techniques in Online Learning , 2017 .