Optimal traffic calming: A mixed-integer bi-level programming model for locating sidewalks and crosswalks in a multimodal transportation network to maximize pedestrians’ safety and network usability

We study the effect that installing sidewalks and crosswalks, as traffic calming facilities, has on the safety and usability of a transportation network with automobile, public transit and walking as modes of transportation. A mathematical programming model is proposed for this problem whose objective is to minimize the safety hazard for pedestrians and the total transportation cost of the network. We utilize a customized greedy heuristic and a simulated annealing algorithm for solving the problem. The computational results indicate that installing sidewalks and crosswalks at proper locations can reduce the overall transportation cost and improve pedestrians’ safety.

[1]  Ziyou Gao,et al.  A bi-level programming for bus lane network design , 2015 .

[2]  Graham Currie,et al.  New Methodology for Optimizing Transit Priority at the Network Level , 2008 .

[3]  Jennifer Dill.  Measuring Network Connectivity for Bicycling and Walking , 2004 .

[4]  Zahrullaili Yahya,et al.  Assessing the pedestrians' perception of the sidewalk facilities based on pedestrian travel purpose , 2013, 2013 IEEE 9th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and its Applications.

[5]  John Morrall,et al.  Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians , 1985 .

[6]  Jun Hwan.  A STUDY ON SETTING-UP A METHODOLOGY AND CRITERION OF EXCLUSIVE BUS LANE IN URBAN AREA , 2005 .

[7]  M. Southworth.  Designing the Walkable City , 2005 .

[8]  Carol M. Werner,et al.  Walking routes to school in new urban and suburban neighborhoods: An environmental walkability analysis of blocks and routes , 2011 .

[9]  S. Kremers,et al.  Neighborhood walkability and walking behavior: the moderating role of action orientation. , 2013, Journal of physical activity & health.

[10]  Metin Turkay,et al.  Design and operation of intermodal transportation network in the Marmara region of Turkey , 2015 .

[11]  Young-Jae Lee,et al.  Transit Network Design with Variable Demand , 2005 .

[12]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  Hybrid Evolutionary Metaheuristics for Concurrent Multi-Objective Design of Urban Road and Public Transit Networks , 2012 .

[13]  R Elvik,et al.  Area-wide urban traffic calming schemes: a meta-analysis of safety effects. , 2001, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[14]  K. Bouleimen,et al.  A new efficient simulated annealing algorithm for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem and its multiple mode version , 2003, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[15]  Guy Desaulniers,et al.  A matheuristic for the liner shipping network design problem , 2014 .

[16]  D. Hearn,et al.  Solving Congestion Toll Pricing Models , 1998 .

[17]  Wei Fan,et al.  Tabu Search Strategies for the Public Transportation Network Optimizations with Variable Transit Demand , 2008, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng..

[18]  Norman W. Garrick,et al.  Effect of Street Network Design on Walking and Biking , 2010 .

[19]  J. MacGregor Smith,et al.  Topological network design of pedestrian networks , 2001 .

[20]  Rich Margiotta,et al.  Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into the Transportation Planning and Programming Processes: Technical Reference , 2014 .

[21]  Anne T McCartt,et al.  A review of evidence-based traffic engineering measures designed to reduce pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[22]  Todd Alexander Litman.  All Rights Reserved Traffic Calming Benefits , Costs and Equity Impacts , 1999 .

[23]  Tadashi Yamada,et al.  Freight transport network design using particle swarm optimisation in supply chain–transport supernetwork equilibrium , 2015 .

[24]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  Time‐Dependent Discrete Network Design Frameworks Considering Land Use , 2010, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng..

[25]  Ernesto Cipriani,et al.  Transit network design with allocation of green vehicles: A genetic algorithm approach , 2009 .

[26]  M. Sepehri,et al.  A Single-Level Mixed Integer Linear Formulation for a Bi-Level Discrete Network Design Problem , 2011 .

[27]  J. Pucher,et al.  Walking and Cycling in Western Europe and the United States: Trends, Policies, and Lessons , 2012 .

[28]  Kevin Taaffe,et al.  Supply chain design under quality disruptions and tainted materials delivery , 2014 .

[29]  Ali Haghani,et al.  Application of a Complementarity Approach to Large Scale Traffic Equilibrium Problems , 2010 .

[30]  Giulio Erberto Cantarella,et al.  Heuristics for urban road network design: Lane layout and signal settings , 2006, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[31]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  Transit route and frequency design: Bi-level modeling and hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm approach , 2014 .

[32]  Randy B Machemehl,et al.  Optimal Transit Route Network Design Problem with Variable Transit Demand: Genetic Algorithm Approach , 2006 .

[33]  Peter D. Loeb,et al.  The cell phone effect on pedestrian fatalities , 2009 .

[34]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  Multi-objective discrete urban road network design , 2013, Comput. Oper. Res..

[35]  Mohammad Mehdi Sepehri,et al.  A Branch and Bound Algorithm for Bi-level Discrete Network Design Problem , 2012, Networks and Spatial Economics.

[36]  Per E Gårder,et al.  The impact of speed and other variables on pedestrian safety in Maine. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[37]  Nisha Nadesan-Reddy,et al.  The effect of traffic calming on pedestrian injuries and motor vehicle collisions in two areas of the eThekwini Municipality: a before-and-after study. , 2013, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[38]  H. Z. Aashtiani.  The multi-modal traffic assignment problem. , 1979 .

[39]  L. Dijkstra,et al.  Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: lessons from The Netherlands and Germany. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[40]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  Bi-objective bimodal urban road network design using hybrid metaheuristics , 2012, Central Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[41]  R Wentz,et al.  Traffic calming for the prevention of road traffic injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2003, Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention.

[42]  Lance Freeman,et al.  Neighborhood Walkability and Active Travel (Walking and Cycling) in New York City , 2013, Journal of Urban Health.

[43]  Chuntian Cheng,et al.  A Parallel Ant Colony Algorithm for Bus Network Optimization , 2007, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng..

[44]  Michael J Cynecki,et al.  Effects of Traffic Calming Measures on Pedestrian and Motorist Behavior , 2000 .

[45]  Joe Wise,et al.  Traffic Calming and RRFBs Increase Pedestrian Safety in Lethbridge, Canada , 2014 .

[46]  Charles E. Blair,et al.  Computational Difficulties of Bilevel Linear Programming , 1990, Oper. Res..

[47]  Asha Weinstein Agrawal,et al.  How Far, by Which Route and Why? A Spatial Analysis of Pedestrian Preference , 2007 .

[48]  M J Cynecki,et al.  A REVIEW OF PEDESTRIAN SAFETY RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD , 2004 .

[49]  W. Y. Szeto,et al.  Review on Urban Transportation Network Design Problems , 2013 .

[50]  Larry J. LeBlanc,et al.  An Algorithm for the Discrete Network Design Problem , 1975 .

[51]  J. Lofberg,et al.  YALMIP : a toolbox for modeling and optimization in MATLAB , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37508).

[52]  Ping Hu,et al.  Transit network design based on travel time reliability , 2014 .

[53]  D. Scott,et al.  Active-transport walking behavior: destinations, durations, distances , 2013 .

[54]  Johan Löfberg,et al.  YALMIP : a toolbox for modeling and optimization in MATLAB , 2004 .

[55]  Wai Yuen Szeto,et al.  Mixed network design using hybrid scatter search , 2015, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[56]  Brian W. Baetz,et al.  EVALUATING PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIVITY FOR SUBURBAN SUSTAINABILITY , 2001 .

[57]  Randy B Machemehl,et al.  Using a Simulated Annealing Algorithm to Solve the Transit Route Network Design Problem , 2006 .

[58]  Catherine Staunton,et al.  Promoting safe walking and biking to school: the Marin County success story. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[59]  Shinhye Joo,et al.  An evaluation framework for traffic calming measures in residential areas , 2013 .

[60]  I-Min Lee,et al.  The importance of walking to public health. , 2008, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[61]  C. D. Gelatt,et al.  Optimization by Simulated Annealing , 1983, Science.

[62]  Philip Wolfe,et al.  An algorithm for quadratic programming , 1956 .

[63]  Ernesto Cipriani,et al.  A multimodal transit network design procedure for urban areas , 2006 .

[64]  J M Smith.  Stochastic Modeling and Design of Vehicular and Pedestrian Networks , 2001 .

[65]  Majid Salari,et al.  A bi-level programming model for protection of hierarchical facilities under imminent attacks , 2015, Comput. Oper. Res..

[66]  Reza Tavakkoli-Moghaddam,et al.  Solving a group layout design model of a dynamic cellular manufacturing system with alternative process routings, lot splitting and flexible reconfiguration by simulated annealing , 2012, Comput. Oper. Res..

[67]  Zvi Drezner,et al.  Using hybrid metaheuristics for the one‐way and two‐way network design problem , 2002 .

[68]  Luca D’Acierno,et al.  The transit network design problem with elastic demand and internalisation of external costs: An application to rail frequency optimisation , 2011 .

[69]  Orion T Stewart,et al.  Comparing Associations Between the Built Environment and Walking in Rural Small Towns and a Large Metropolitan Area , 2016 .