HIV-1 gag proteins: diverse functions in the virus life cycle.

The Gag proteins of HIV-1, like those of other retroviruses, are necessary and sufficient for the assembly of virus-like particles. The roles played by HIV-1 Gag proteins during the life cycle are numerous and complex, involving not only assembly but also virion maturation after particle release and early postentry steps in virus replication. As the individual Gag domains carry out their diverse functions, they must engage in interactions with themselves, other Gag proteins, other viral proteins, lipid, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and host cell proteins. This review briefly summarizes our current understanding of how HIV-1 Gag proteins function in the virus life cycle.

[1]  D. Markovitz,et al.  The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection. , 1986, Science.

[2]  R. Gorelick,et al.  A leucine triplet repeat sequence (LXX)4 in p6gag is important for Vpr incorporation into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles , 1995, Journal of virology.

[3]  B. Gay,et al.  Phenotypic characterization of insertion mutants of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected cells , 1994, Journal of virology.

[4]  M. Bukrinsky,et al.  Association of integrase, matrix, and reverse transcriptase antigens of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with viral nucleic acids following acute infection. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  J. Wills,et al.  Equine infectious anemia virus utilizes a YXXL motif within the late assembly domain of the Gag p9 protein , 1997, Journal of virology.

[6]  M. Emerman,et al.  A nuclear localization signal within HIV-1 matrix protein that governs infection of non-dividing cells , 1993, Nature.

[7]  J. Luban,et al.  Specific incorporation of cyclophilin A into HIV-1 virions , 1994, Nature.

[8]  F. Bushman,et al.  HIV nuclear import is governed by the phosphotyrosine-mediated binding of matrix to the core domain of integrase , 1995, Cell.

[9]  Jeremy Luban,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein binds to cyclophilins A and B , 1993, Cell.

[10]  C. McHenry,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus nucleocapsid protein accelerates strand transfer of the terminally redundant sequences involved in reverse transcription. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[11]  J. Berg,et al.  The Galvanization of Biology: A Growing Appreciation for the Roles of Zinc , 1996, Science.

[12]  H. Varmus,et al.  Retroviral Virions and Genomes -- Retroviruses , 1997 .

[13]  W. Sundquist,et al.  Crystal structures of the trimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein: implications for membrane association and assembly. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  C. Péchoux,et al.  Mutations in the N-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein affect virion core structure and proviral DNA synthesis , 1997, Journal of virology.

[15]  H. Göttlinger,et al.  A conserved LXXLF sequence is the major determinant in p6gag required for the incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr , 1996, Journal of virology.

[16]  Z. Tsuchihashi,et al.  Influence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleocapsid Protein on Synthesis and Strand Transfer by the Reverse Transcriptase in Vitro(*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[17]  A. Gronenborn,et al.  Identification of a binding site for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  I. Jones,et al.  Gag-Gag interactions in the C-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 capsid antigen are essential for Gag particle assembly. , 1996, The Journal of general virology.

[19]  P. Borer,et al.  Structure of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein bound to the SL3 psi-RNA recognition element. , 1998, Science.

[20]  J. Luban,et al.  Cyclophilin A is required for an early step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 before the initiation of reverse transcription , 1996, Journal of virology.

[21]  J. Sodroski,et al.  Functional association of cyclophilin A with HIV-1 virions , 1994, Nature.

[22]  É. Cohen,et al.  The Putative Alpha Helix 2 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Contains a Determinant Which Is Responsible for the Nuclear Translocation of Proviral DNA in Growth-Arrested Cells , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[23]  Z. Matsuda,et al.  The matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is required for incorporation of viral envelope protein into mature virions , 1992, Journal of virology.

[24]  D Cowburn,et al.  Solution structure and dynamics of the bioactive retroviral M domain from Rous sarcoma virus. , 1998, Journal of molecular biology.

[25]  E. Barklis,et al.  Nucleocapsid protein effects on the specificity of retrovirus RNA encapsidation , 1995, Journal of virology.

[26]  S. S. Hong,et al.  Functional domains of HIV-1 gag-polyprotein expressed in baculovirus-infected cells. , 1991, Virology.

[27]  E. Barklis,et al.  Effects of nucleocapsid mutations on human immunodeficiency virus assembly and RNA encapsidation , 1997, Journal of virology.

[28]  T. Ruml,et al.  The three‐dimensional solution structure of the matrix protein from the type D retrovirus, the Mason–Pfizer monkey virus, and implications for the morphology of retroviral assembly , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[29]  S. Höglund,et al.  Functional domains of the capsid protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 , 1994, Journal of virology.

[30]  T. Hope,et al.  HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells through the recognition of integrase by the importin/karyopherin pathway. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  E. Freed,et al.  Single amino acid changes in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein block virus particle production , 1994, Journal of virology.

[32]  H. Zentgraf,et al.  The spacer peptide between human immunodeficiency virus capsid and nucleocapsid proteins is essential for ordered assembly and viral infectivity , 1995, Journal of virology.

[33]  A. Panganiban,et al.  The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encapsidation site is a multipartite RNA element composed of functional hairpin structures , 1996, Journal of virology.

[34]  M. Emerman,et al.  HIV-1 infection of non-dividing cells , 1994, Nature.

[35]  J. Luban,et al.  Specific binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag polyprotein and nucleocapsid protein to viral RNAs detected by RNA mobility shift assays , 1993, Journal of virology.

[36]  R. Gorelick,et al.  HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein induces "maturation" of dimeric retroviral RNA in vitro. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  J. Sodroski,et al.  Rescue of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein mutants by envelope glycoproteins with short cytoplasmic domains , 1995, Journal of virology.

[38]  L. Arthur,et al.  Inhibitors of HIV Nucleocapsid Protein Zinc Fingers as Candidates for the Treatment of AIDS , 1995, Science.

[39]  O. Haffar,et al.  Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Pr55gag membrane association in a cell-free system: requirement for a C-terminal domain. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  J. Domagala,et al.  The in vitro ejection of zinc from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 nucleocapsid protein by disulfide benzamides with cellular anti-HIV activity. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  W. Paxton,et al.  Incorporation of Vpr into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions: requirement for the p6 region of gag and mutational analysis , 1993, Journal of virology.

[42]  M. Summers,et al.  The nucleocapsid protein isolated from HIV-1 particles binds zinc and forms retroviral-type zinc fingers. , 1990, Biochemistry.

[43]  A. Kaplan,et al.  The p2 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag regulates sequential proteolytic processing and is required to produce fully infectious virions , 1994, Journal of virology.

[44]  L. Ratner,et al.  Myristoylation-dependent replication and assembly of human immunodeficiency virus 1. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[45]  D. Trono,et al.  The nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection in macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[46]  K. Moelling,et al.  Specific binding of HIV‐1 nucleocapsid protein to PSI RNA in vitro requires N‐terminal zinc finger and flanking basic amino acid residues. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[47]  S. Goff,et al.  The role of Gag in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion morphogenesis and early steps of the viral life cycle , 1996, Journal of virology.

[48]  M. Resh,et al.  Identification of a membrane-binding domain within the amino-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein which interacts with acidic phospholipids , 1994, Journal of virology.

[49]  J G Levin,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein promotes efficient strand transfer and specific viral DNA synthesis by inhibiting TAR-dependent self-priming from minus-strand strong-stop DNA , 1997, Journal of virology.

[50]  K. Moelling,et al.  Mutations of basic amino acids of NCp7 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 affect RNA binding in vitro , 1996, Journal of virology.

[51]  H. Gelderblom,et al.  Efficient HIV‐1 replication can occur in the absence of the viral matrix protein , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[52]  D. Herschlag RNA Chaperones and the RNA Folding Problem (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[53]  A. Burny,et al.  The solution structure of the bovine leukaemia virus matrix protein and similarity with lentiviral matrix proteins. , 1996, The EMBO journal.

[54]  X. Yu,et al.  Identification and characterization of virus assembly intermediate complexes in HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells. , 1998, Virology.

[55]  J. Luban,et al.  Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA to recombinant HIV-1 gag polyprotein , 1991, Journal of virology.

[56]  J. Luban,et al.  Specificity and sequence requirements for interactions between various retroviral Gag proteins , 1994, Journal of virology.

[57]  W. Haseltine,et al.  Role of the matrix protein in the virion association of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein , 1994, Journal of virology.

[58]  R. Wagner,et al.  Identification of a region in the Pr55gag-polyprotein essential for HIV-1 particle formation. , 1993, Virology.

[59]  Vm Vogt Retroviral Virions and Genomes , 1997 .

[60]  C. Sassetti,et al.  RNA secondary structure and binding sites for gag gene products in the 5' packaging signal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 , 1995, Journal of virology.

[61]  John W. Mellors,et al.  Human retroviruses and AIDS 1996. A compilation and analysis of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences , 1997 .

[62]  M. Conte,et al.  Retroviral matrix proteins: a structural perspective. , 1998, Virology.

[63]  E. Tschachler,et al.  Myristoylation of gag proteins of HIV-1 plays an important role in virus assembly. , 1990, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

[64]  E. Hunter,et al.  A single amino acid substitution within the matrix protein of a type D retrovirus converts its morphogenesis to that of a type C retrovirus , 1990, Cell.

[65]  P. Dupraz,et al.  Specificity of Rous sarcoma virus nucleocapsid protein in genomic RNA packaging , 1992, Journal of virology.

[66]  M. Hammarskjöld,et al.  Characterization of deletion mutations in the capsid region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that affect particle formation and Gag-Pol precursor incorporation , 1995, Journal of virology.

[67]  R C Craven,et al.  Form, function, and use of retroviral gag proteins. , 1991, AIDS.

[68]  M. Resh,et al.  Differential membrane binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein , 1996, Journal of virology.

[69]  E. Sausville,et al.  Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 zinc fingers prevent normal processing of gag precursors and result in the release of noninfectious virus particles , 1996, Journal of virology.

[70]  N. Jullian,et al.  Determination of the structure of the nucleocapsid protein NCp7 from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by 1H NMR. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[71]  É. Cohen,et al.  The intracytoplasmic domain of gp41 mediates polarized budding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in MDCK cells , 1994, Journal of virology.

[72]  B. Roques,et al.  Viral RNA annealing activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein require only peptide domains outside the zinc fingers. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[73]  L. Ratner,et al.  Membrane binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein in vivo supports a conformational myristyl switch mechanism , 1997, Journal of virology.

[74]  E. Freed,et al.  Role of Matrix in an Early Postentry Step in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Life Cycle , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[75]  G. Rindi,et al.  Influence of MA internal sequences, but not of the myristylated N-terminus sequence, on the budding site of HIV-1 Gag protein. , 1994, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[76]  S. Goff,et al.  Analysis of binding elements in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA and nucleocapsid protein. , 1994, Virology.

[77]  E. Freed,et al.  Domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix and gp41 cytoplasmic tail required for envelope incorporation into virions , 1996, Journal of virology.

[78]  J. Darlix,et al.  It is Rous sarcoma virus protein P12 and not P19 that binds tightly to Rous sarcoma virus RNA. , 1984, Journal of molecular biology.

[79]  J. Luban,et al.  Linker insertion mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene: effects on virion particle assembly, release, and infectivity , 1995, Journal of virology.

[80]  C. Cameron,et al.  Fine mapping and characterization of the Rous sarcoma virus Pr76gag late assembly domain , 1996, Journal of virology.

[81]  A. Smith,et al.  Requirements for incorporation of Pr160gag-pol from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into virus-like particles , 1993, Journal of virology.

[82]  A. Panganiban,et al.  Pleiotropic mutations in the HIV-1 matrix protein that affect diverse steps in replication. , 1997, Virology.

[83]  E. Barklis,et al.  Assembly, processing, and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag mutants , 1993, Journal of virology.

[84]  J. Mak,et al.  Identification of tRNAs incorporated into wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 , 1993, Journal of virology.

[85]  W. Fu,et al.  Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dimeric RNA from wild-type and protease-defective virions , 1994, Journal of virology.

[86]  U. Geigenmüller,et al.  Specific binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-derived proteins to a 5' HIV-1 genomic RNA sequence , 1996, Journal of virology.

[87]  M. Schwartz,et al.  Distinct functions and requirements for the Cys-His boxes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein during RNA encapsidation and replication , 1997, Journal of virology.

[88]  E. Freed,et al.  Phosphorylation of Residue 131 of HIV-1 Matrix Is Not Required for Macrophage Infection , 1997, Cell.

[89]  P. Cosson Direct interaction between the envelope and matrix proteins of HIV‐1. , 1996, The EMBO journal.

[90]  C. Flexner,et al.  Mutations of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6Gag Domain Result in Reduced Retention of Pol Proteins during Virus Assembly , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[91]  J. Sodroski,et al.  Role of capsid precursor processing and myristoylation in morphogenesis and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[92]  P. Spearman,et al.  The I Domain Is Required for Efficient Plasma Membrane Binding of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pr55Gag , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[93]  C. Gabus,et al.  The central globular domain of the nucleocapsid protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is critical for virion structure and infectivity , 1995, Journal of virology.

[94]  J. Luban,et al.  Mapping of functionally important residues of a cysteine-histidine box in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein , 1993, Journal of virology.

[95]  C. Cameron,et al.  An assembly domain of the Rous sarcoma virus Gag protein required late in budding , 1994, Journal of virology.

[96]  R. Shoeman,et al.  A large deletion in the matrix domain of the human immunodeficiency virus gag gene redirects virus particle assembly from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum , 1993, Journal of virology.

[97]  R. Swanstrom,et al.  Synthesis, Assembly, and Processing of Viral Proteins , 1997 .

[98]  C. Gelfand,et al.  Spectral analysis and tryptic susceptibility as probes of HIV-1 capsid protein structure. , 1994, Virology.

[99]  M. Martin,et al.  Incorporation of Pr160(gag-pol) into virus particles requires the presence of both the major homology region and adjacent C-terminal capsid sequences within the Gag-Pol polyprotein , 1997, Journal of virology.

[100]  D. Trono,et al.  HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the viral matrix protein is a key regulator , 1995, Cell.

[101]  H. Kräusslich,et al.  Sequential Steps in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Particle Maturation Revealed by Alterations of Individual Gag Polyprotein Cleavage Sites , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[102]  W. Sundquist,et al.  Structure of the carboxyl-terminal dimerization domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein. , 1997, Science.

[103]  A. Aldovini,et al.  Charged amino acid residues of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid p7 protein involved in RNA packaging and infectivity , 1996, Journal of virology.

[104]  M. Emerman,et al.  The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 influences nuclear localization of viral nucleic acids in nondividing host cells. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[105]  J. Sodroski,et al.  Effect of mutations affecting the p6 gag protein on human immunodeficiency virus particle release. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[106]  H. Gendelman,et al.  Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. , 1986, Science.

[107]  X. Yu,et al.  Mutations in the N-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein block intracellular transport of the Gag precursor , 1993, Journal of virology.

[108]  P. Brown,et al.  DNA strand exchange and selective DNA annealing promoted by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein , 1994, Journal of virology.

[109]  J. Wills,et al.  Positionally independent and exchangeable late budding functions of the Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus Gag proteins , 1995, Journal of virology.

[110]  C. Carter,et al.  Assembly of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid protein in vitro , 1992, Journal of virology.

[111]  B. Roques,et al.  First glimpses at structure-function relationships of the nucleocapsid protein of retroviruses. , 1995, Journal of molecular biology.

[112]  W. Sundquist,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of the HTLV-II matrix protein and comparative analysis of matrix proteins from the different classes of pathogenic human retroviruses. , 1996, Journal of molecular biology.

[113]  M. Summers,et al.  High-resolution structure of an HIV zinc fingerlike domain via a new NMR-based distance geometry approach. , 1990, Biochemistry.

[114]  J. Luban,et al.  Cyclosporine A-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants demonstrate that Gag encodes the functional target of cyclophilin A , 1996, Journal of virology.

[115]  E. Barklis,et al.  Analysis of the Assembly Function of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Protein Nucleocapsid Domain , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[116]  Nucleocapsid zinc fingers detected in retroviruses: EXAFS studies of intact viruses and the solution‐state structure of the nucleocapsid protein from HIV‐1 , 1992, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[117]  F. Barré-Sinoussi,et al.  Cis elements and trans-acting factors involved in the RNA dimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.

[118]  E. Freed,et al.  Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection , 1995, Journal of virology.

[119]  F. Bushman,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes: studies of organization and composition , 1997, Journal of virology.

[120]  D. Stuart,et al.  Crystal structure of SIV matrix antigen and implications for virus assembly , 1995, Nature.

[121]  E. Hunter Macromolecular interactions in the assembly of HIV and other retroviruses , 1994 .

[122]  M. Sudol,et al.  WW domains and retrovirus budding , 1996, Nature.

[123]  M. Wainberg,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) directs specific initiation of minus-strand DNA synthesis primed by human tRNA(Lys3) in vitro: studies of viral RNA molecules mutated in regions that flank the primer binding site , 1996, Journal of virology.

[124]  M. Schwartz,et al.  HIV-1 particle release mediated by Vpu is distinct from that mediated by p6. , 1996, Virology.

[125]  E. Freed,et al.  Virion incorporation of envelope glycoproteins with long but not short cytoplasmic tails is blocked by specific, single amino acid substitutions in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix , 1995, Journal of virology.

[126]  E. Freed,et al.  p6Gag is required for particle production from full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 molecular clones expressing protease , 1995, Journal of virology.

[127]  M. Summers,et al.  Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity by zinc-ejecting aromatic C-nitroso compounds , 1993, Nature.

[128]  W. Sundquist,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein. , 1994, Journal of molecular biology.

[129]  Zinc‐ and sequence‐dependent binding to nucleic acids by the N‐terminal zinc finger of the HIV‐1 nucleocapsid protein: NMR structure of the complex with the Psi‐site analog, dACGCC , 1993, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[130]  Wesley I. Sundquist,et al.  Structure of the Amino-Terminal Core Domain of the HIV-1 Capsid Protein , 1996, Science.

[131]  J. Wills,et al.  Functional chimeras of the Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus gag proteins , 1993, Journal of virology.

[132]  L. Arthur,et al.  Noninfectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants deficient in genomic RNA , 1990, Journal of virology.

[133]  V. Vogt,et al.  Self-assembly in vitro of purified CA-NC proteins from Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 , 1995, Journal of virology.

[134]  H. Kräusslich,et al.  N-Terminal Extension of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Capsid Protein Converts the In Vitro Assembly Phenotype from Tubular to Spherical Particles , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[135]  R. Young,et al.  Mutations of RNA and protein sequences involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging result in production of noninfectious virus , 1990, Journal of virology.

[136]  I. Jones,et al.  Distinct signals in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Pr55 necessary for RNA binding and particle formation. , 1992, The Journal of general virology.

[137]  M. Wainberg,et al.  Effect of mutations in the nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) upon Pr160(gag-pol) and tRNA(Lys) incorporation into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 , 1997, Journal of virology.

[138]  S. Höglund,et al.  Role of the major homology region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in virion morphogenesis , 1994, Journal of virology.

[139]  W. Phares,et al.  Spontaneous mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene that affect viral replication in the presence of cyclosporins , 1996, Journal of virology.

[140]  Interactions between HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein and viral DNA may have important functions in the viral life cycle. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[141]  W. Sundquist,et al.  Crystal Structure of Human Cyclophilin A Bound to the Amino-Terminal Domain of HIV-1 Capsid , 1996, Cell.

[142]  B. Wolff,et al.  Mode of action of SDZ NIM 811, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin A analog with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1): interference with early and late events in HIV-1 replication , 1995, Journal of virology.

[143]  S. S. Hong,et al.  Assembly-defective point mutants of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor phenotypically expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected cells , 1993, Journal of virology.

[144]  S. Modrow,et al.  Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particle formation by alterations of defined amino acids within the C terminus of the capsid protein. , 1997, The Journal of general virology.

[145]  O. Schwartz,et al.  Cytosolic Gag p24 as an Index of Productive Entry of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[146]  E. Freed,et al.  The Role of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins in Virus Infection (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[147]  E. Barklis,et al.  Assembly of gag-beta-galactosidase proteins into retrovirus particles , 1990, Journal of virology.

[148]  A. Aderem,et al.  The myristoyl-electrostatic switch: a modulator of reversible protein-membrane interactions. , 1995, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[149]  L. Arthur,et al.  Genetic analysis of the zinc finger in the Moloney murine leukemia virus nucleocapsid domain: replacement of zinc-coordinating residues with other zinc-coordinating residues yields noninfectious particles containing genomic RNA , 1996, Journal of virology.

[150]  E. Freed,et al.  Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix revertants: effects on virus assembly, Gag processing, and Env incorporation into virions , 1997, Journal of virology.

[151]  W. Alvord,et al.  Inhibition of Friend virus replication by a compound that reacts with the nucleocapsid zinc finger: anti-retroviral effect demonstrated in vivo. , 1998, Virology.

[152]  R. Flügel,et al.  Analysis of the primary structure of the long terminal repeat and the gag and pol genes of the human spumaretrovirus , 1988, Journal of virology.

[153]  M. Malim,et al.  HIV‐1 infection of non‐dividing cells: evidence that the amino‐terminal basic region of the viral matrix protein is important for Gag processing but not for post‐entry nuclear import , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[154]  Z. Matsuda,et al.  Role of the C terminus Gag protein in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion assembly and maturation. , 1995, The Journal of general virology.

[155]  M. Summers,et al.  The nucleocapsid protein isolated for HIV-1 particles binds zinc and forms retroviral-type zinc fingers. , 1990, Disease markers.

[156]  E. Barklis,et al.  Conditional infectivity of a human immunodeficiency virus matrix domain deletion mutant , 1993, Journal of virology.

[157]  Qian-chun Yu,et al.  The C terminus of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein is involved in early steps of the virus life cycle , 1992, Journal of virology.

[158]  M. Wainberg,et al.  Role of Pr160gag-pol in mediating the selective incorporation of tRNA(Lys) into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles , 1994, Journal of virology.

[159]  H. Issaq,et al.  Tightly bound zinc in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, and other retroviruses , 1992, Journal of virology.

[160]  Carol Carter,et al.  Crystal structure of dimeric HIV-1 capsid protein , 1996, Nature Structural Biology.

[161]  S. Balasubramanian,et al.  Recombinant HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein accelerates HIV-1 reverse transcriptase catalyzed DNA strand transfer reactions and modulates RNase H activity. , 1994, Biochemistry.

[162]  T. Sata,et al.  Role of the gag and pol genes of human immunodeficiency virus in the morphogenesis and maturation of retrovirus-like particles expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus: an ultrastructural study. , 1991, The Journal of general virology.

[163]  T. Smithgall,et al.  Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[164]  W. Sundquist,et al.  Proteolytic refolding of the HIV‐1 capsid protein amino‐terminus facilitates viral core assembly , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[165]  E. Jacobs,et al.  Assembly and release of HIV-1 precursor Pr55 gag virus-like particles from recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells , 1989, Cell.

[166]  S. Goff,et al.  Retroviral nucleocapsid domains mediate the specific recognition of genomic viral RNAs by chimeric Gag polyproteins during RNA packaging in vivo , 1995, Journal of virology.