An Invitation to Formal Reasoning: The Logic of Terms

Contents: Reasoning: Introduction The form of an argument A word about the form of statements The form of singular statements Terms and statements Symbolizing compound statements A word about validity How material expressions are meaningful Terms Some terms are 'vacuous' Statement meaning Truth and correspondence to facts Propositions 'States of affairs' The facts and the facts What statements denote Summary and discussion on the meaning of statements Picturing Propositions: State diagrams Representing singular propositions Entailments Negative entailments States and states Positive and negative 'valence' The limitations of state diagrams The statement use of sentences Truth relations Logical syntax.