Exploring the Use of Olfactory Stimuli Towards Reducing Visually Induced Motion Sickness in Virtual Reality

Visually Induced Motion Sickness (VIMS) plagues a significant number of individuals who utilize Virtual Reality (VR) systems. Although several solutions have been proposed that aim to reduce the onset of VIMS, a reliable approach for moderating it within VR experiences has not yet been established. Here, we set the initial stage to explore the use of controlled olfactory stimuli towards reducing symptoms associated with VIMS. In this experimental study, participants perceived different olfactory stimuli while experiencing a first-person-view rollercoaster simulation using a VR Head-Mounted Display (HMD). The onsets of VIMS symptoms were analyzed using both the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and the Fast Motion Sickness Scale (FMS). Notable reductions in overall SSQ and FMS scores suggest that providing a peppermint aroma reduces the severity of VIMS symptoms experienced in VR. Additional anecdotal feedback and potential future studies on using controlled olfactory stimuli to minimize the occurrence of VIMS symptoms are also discussed.

[1]  Noriaki Takeda,et al.  Effects of immersion in virtual reality on postural control , 2005, Neuroscience Letters.

[2]  Christiane,et al.  World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. , 2004, Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics.

[3]  J. Golding,et al.  Pathophysiology and treatment of motion sickness. , 2015, Current opinion in neurology.

[4]  Henry Been-Lirn Duh,et al.  Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment , 2002, Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality 2002.

[5]  W. Bles,et al.  Motion sickness. , 2000, Current opinion in neurology.

[6]  H. Hecht,et al.  Visually induced motion sickness can be alleviated by pleasant odors , 2015, Experimental Brain Research.

[7]  A GRAYBIEL,et al.  MOTION SICKNESS SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF LABYRINTHINE DEFECTIVE AND NORMAL SUBJECTS DURING ZERO GRAVITY MANEUVERS. , 1964, Aerospace medicine.

[8]  Michael E. McCauley,et al.  Cybersickness: Perception of Self-Motion in Virtual Environments , 1992, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[9]  Behrang Keshavarz,et al.  Validating an Efficient Method to Quantify Motion Sickness , 2011, Hum. Factors.

[10]  Bob Cheung,et al.  Desensitization to strong vestibular stimuli improves tolerance to simulated aircraft motion. , 2005, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[11]  J F Thayer,et al.  Assessment of the multiple dimensions of nausea: the Nausea Profile (NP). , 1996, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[12]  Min-Hui Li,et al.  Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on motion sickness induced by rotary chair: a crossover study. , 2012, Journal of alternative and complementary medicine.

[13]  Steven K. Feiner,et al.  Combating VR sickness through subtle dynamic field-of-view modification , 2016, 2016 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI).

[14]  I. Howard,et al.  Visually-induced sickness in normal and bilaterally labyrinthine-defective subjects. , 1991, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[15]  R. McCaffrey,et al.  Alternative therapy applications for postoperative nausea and vomiting. , 2005, Holistic nursing practice.

[16]  Mel Slater,et al.  Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality , 2000, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[17]  Jason D. Moss,et al.  Characteristics of Head-Mounted Displays and Their Effects on Simulator Sickness , 2011, Hum. Factors.

[18]  Ben D. Lawson,et al.  Motion Sickness Symptomatology and Origins , 2014, Handbook of Virtual Environments, 2nd ed..

[19]  Robert S. Kennedy,et al.  Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. , 1993 .

[20]  E. Muth,et al.  A questionnaire for the assessment of the multiple dimensions of motion sickness. , 2001, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[21]  Mark H. Draper,et al.  Effects of Image Scale and System Time Delay on Simulator Sickness within Head-Coupled Virtual Environments , 2001, Hum. Factors.

[22]  Kay M. Stanney,et al.  The psychometrics of cybersickness , 1997, CACM.

[23]  John Quarles,et al.  GingerVR: An Open Source Repository of Cybersickness Reduction Techniques for Unity , 2020, 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW).

[24]  E. L. Cameron Pregnancy and olfaction: a review , 2014, Front. Psychol..

[25]  Joseph J. LaViola,et al.  A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments , 2000, SGCH.

[26]  F. Rist,et al.  The Chemical Odor Sensitivity Scale: reliability and validity of a screening instrument for idiopathic environmental intolerance. , 2006, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[27]  J T Reason,et al.  Motion Sickness Adaptation: A Neural Mismatch Model 1 , 1978, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[28]  J. Golding,et al.  Behavioral methods of alleviating motion sickness: effectiveness of controlled breathing and a music audiotape. , 2006, Journal of travel medicine.

[29]  Changhoon Park,et al.  Effects of rest frames on cybersickness and oscillatory brain activity , 2013, 2013 International Winter Workshop on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI).

[30]  Julie M. Drexler,et al.  Research in visually induced motion sickness. , 2010, Applied ergonomics.

[31]  E. Rich,et al.  The effect of aromatherapy on postoperative nausea in women undergoing surgical procedures. , 2012, Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.

[32]  Henry Been-Lirn Duh,et al.  “Conflicting” Motion Cues to the Visual and Vestibular Self- Motion Systems Around 0.06 Hz Evoke Simulator Sickness , 2004, Hum. Factors.

[33]  Pablo A. Figueroa,et al.  Ramps are better than stairs to reduce cybersickness in applications based on a HMD and a Gamepad , 2014, 2014 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI).

[34]  A GRAYBIEL,et al.  Symptomatology during prolonged exposure in a constantly rotating environment at a velocity of one revolution per minute. , 1961, Aerospace medicine.

[35]  Cyriel Diels,et al.  Frequency Characteristics of Visually Induced Motion Sickness , 2013, Hum. Factors.

[36]  Thomas A. Furness,et al.  The role of rest frames in vection, presence and motion sickness , 1998 .

[37]  John R. Wilson,et al.  Virtual Reality-Induced Symptoms and Effects (VRISE) , 1999, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[38]  Jelte E. Bos,et al.  A theory on visually induced motion sickness , 2008, Displays.

[39]  U. Sailer,et al.  Liking and wanting pleasant odors: different effects of repetitive exposure in men and women , 2014, Front. Psychol..

[40]  Arthur Estrada,et al.  Airsickness prevention in helicopter passengers. , 2007, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[41]  Christiane,et al.  WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DECLARATION OF HELSINKI: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects , 2001, Journal of postgraduate medicine.

[42]  John G Casali Vehicular Simulation-Induced Sickness. Volume 1. An Overview. , 1985 .

[43]  Michael J. Singer,et al.  Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire , 1998, Presence.

[44]  Eric L Groen,et al.  The effect of internal and external fields of view on visually induced motion sickness. , 2010, Applied ergonomics.

[45]  C. Gordon,et al.  Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment. , 2006, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[46]  S. Tate,et al.  Peppermint oil: a treatment for postoperative nausea. , 1997, Journal of advanced nursing.

[47]  P S Cowings,et al.  Autogenic‐Feedback Training Exercise Is Superior to Promethazine for Control of Motion Sickness Symptoms , 2000, Journal of clinical pharmacology.

[48]  Ellen Yi-Luen Do,et al.  Season Traveller: Multisensory Narration for Enhancing the Virtual Reality Experience , 2018, CHI.

[49]  M. Diego,et al.  Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. , 1998, The International journal of neuroscience.

[50]  Benjamin Weyers,et al.  Dynamic Field of View Reduction Related to Subjective Sickness Measures in an HMD-based Data Analysis Task , 2024, ArXiv.

[51]  Byron J. Pierce,et al.  Perceptual Issues in the Use of Head-Mounted Visual Displays , 2006, Hum. Factors.

[52]  W. Hasler,et al.  Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection. , 2003, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[53]  A. Keller,et al.  Humans Can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli , 2014, Science.

[54]  B. Hommel,et al.  Attentional control in the attentional blink is modulated by odor , 2014, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[55]  Heiko Hecht,et al.  Adapting to artificial gravity (AG) at high rotational speeds. , 2002, Journal of gravitational physiology : a journal of the International Society for Gravitational Physiology.

[56]  J. Millot,et al.  Is there a relationship between odors and motion sickness? , 2014, Neuroscience Letters.

[57]  T. Hummel,et al.  Olfactory modulation of nausea during early pregnancy? , 2002, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[58]  Robert J. Teather,et al.  Evaluating discrete viewpoint control to reduce cybersickness in virtual reality , 2020, Virtual Reality.

[59]  R. Kennedy,et al.  The effects of visual deprivation on adaptation to a rotating environment , 1965 .

[60]  J. Dichgans,et al.  Visual-Vestibular Interaction: Effects on Self-Motion Perception and Postural Control , 1978 .

[61]  Gary H. Glover,et al.  Odorant-Induced and Sniff-Induced Activation in the Cerebellum of the Human , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[62]  H. Endo,et al.  Effects of intermittent odours on cognitive-motor performance and brain functioning during mental fatigue , 2012, Ergonomics.

[63]  Kay M. Stanney,et al.  Locus of User-Initiated Control in Virtual Environments: Influences on Cybersickness , 1998, Presence.

[64]  Jean-Louis Millot,et al.  Ambient odors influence the amplitude and time course of visual distraction. , 2005, Behavioral neuroscience.

[65]  Jelte E. Bos,et al.  Simulator Sickness Depends on Frequency of the Simulator Motion Mismatch: An Observation , 2008, PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments.

[66]  Regan Ec,et al.  The frequency of occurrence and severity of side-effects of immersion virtual reality. , 1994 .