Bead-based microfluidic immunoassays: the next generation.

Microfluidic devices possess many advantages like high throughput, short analysis time, small volume and high sensitivity that fulfill all the important criteria of an immunoassay used for clinical diagnoses, environmental analyses and biochemical studies. These devices can be made from a few different materials, with polymers presently emerging as the most popular choice. Other than being optically clear, non-toxic and cheap, polymers can also be easily fabricated with a variety of techniques. In addition, there are many polymer surface modification methods available to improve the efficiency of these devices. Unfortunately, current microfluidic immunoassays have limited multiplexing capability compared to flow cytometric assays. Flow cytometry employ the use of encoded microbeads in contrast with normal or paramagnetic microbeads applied in current microfluidic devices. The encoded microbead is the key in providing multiplexing capability to the assay by allowing multi-analyte analysis. Using several unique sets of code, different analytes can be detected in a single assay by tracing the identity of individual beads. The same principle could be applied to microfluidic immunoassays in order to retain all the advantages of a fluidic device and significantly improve multiplexing capability.

[1]  A. Manz,et al.  Micro total analysis systems. Recent developments. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[2]  T Kitamori,et al.  Integration of an immunosorbent assay system: analysis of secretory human immunoglobulin A on polystyrene beads in a microchip. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[3]  J Wang,et al.  Electrochemical enzyme immunoassays on microchip platforms. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  Philippe Rigault,et al.  A novel, high-performance random array platform for quantitative gene expression profiling. , 2004, Genome research.

[5]  Göran Stemme,et al.  Patterned self‐assembled beads in silicon channels , 2001, Electrophoresis.

[6]  Takehiko Kitamori,et al.  Microchip‐based immunoassay system with branching multichannels for simultaneous determination of interferon‐γ , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[7]  Peter Enoksson,et al.  Micromachined flow-through filter-chamber for chemical reactions on beads , 2000 .

[8]  Robert H. Austin,et al.  Sacrificial polymers for nanofluidic channels in biological applications , 2003 .

[9]  K. Gunderson,et al.  High-throughput SNP genotyping on universal bead arrays. , 2005, Mutation research.

[10]  Michal Balberg,et al.  Microfluidic ELISA: On-Chip Fluorescence Imaging , 2004, Biomedical microdevices.

[11]  Richard A Mathies,et al.  An integrated microfluidic processor for single nucleotide polymorphism-based DNA computing. , 2005, Lab on a chip.

[12]  Kevin Braeckmans,et al.  Encoding microcarriers: present and future technologies , 2002, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[13]  Elisabeth Verpoorte,et al.  Beads and chips: new recipes for analysis. , 2003, Lab on a chip.

[14]  G Gauglitz,et al.  Simultaneous multi-analyte determination of estrone, isoproturon and atrazine in natural waters by the RIver ANAlyser (RIANA), an optical immunosensor. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[15]  H. B. Halsall,et al.  Development and Characterization of Microfluidic Devices and Systems for Magnetic Bead-Based Biochemical Detection , 2001 .

[16]  Maria R. Capobianchi,et al.  A molecular beacon, bead-based assay for the detection of nucleic acids by flow cytometry , 2005, Nucleic acids research.

[17]  David Juncker,et al.  Simultaneous detection of C-reactive protein and other cardiac markers in human plasma using micromosaic immunoassays and self-regulating microfluidic networks. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  D. Peterson,et al.  Solid supports for micro analytical systems. , 2005, Lab on a chip.

[19]  T. Phillips,et al.  Rapid analysis of inflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid using chip‐based immunoaffinity electrophoresis , 2004, Electrophoresis.

[20]  Frances S Ligler,et al.  A microarray immunoassay for simultaneous detection of proteins and bacteria. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  D R Walt,et al.  Randomly ordered addressable high-density optical sensor arrays. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  Hao Li,et al.  PDMS microfludic device for optical detection of protein immunoassay using gold nanoparticles. , 2005, Lab on a chip.

[23]  M E Hemling,et al.  Evaluation of mass spectrometric methods applicable to the direct analysis of non-peptide bead-bound combinatorial libraries. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  C Gärtner,et al.  Polymer microfabrication methods for microfluidic analytical applications , 2000, Electrophoresis.

[25]  M. Hayes,et al.  Flow-based microimmunoassay. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  James McCord,et al.  Ninety-Minute Exclusion of Acute Myocardial Infarction By Use of Quantitative Point-of-Care Testing of Myoglobin and Troponin I , 2001, Circulation.

[27]  Jin Ho Kim,et al.  Surface modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels , 2003, Electrophoresis.

[28]  T Davies,et al.  Classification and properties of 64 multiplexed microsphere sets. , 1998, Cytometry.

[29]  R. W. Armstrong,et al.  Radio Frequency Tag Encoded Combinatorial Library Method for the Discovery of Tripeptide-Substituted Cinnamic Acid Inhibitors of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTP1B , 1995 .

[30]  Monika Milewski,et al.  Decoding randomly ordered DNA arrays. , 2004, Genome research.

[31]  C. Holmes,et al.  Methods for Combinatorial Organic Synthesis: The Use of Fast 13C NMR Analysis for Gel Phase Reaction Monitoring , 1994 .

[32]  J Taylor,et al.  Development of a multichannel microfluidic analysis system employing affinity capillary electrophoresis for immunoassay. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[33]  W. Heineman,et al.  Immunoassay for B. globigii spores as a model for detecting B. anthracis spores in finished water. , 2005, The Analyst.

[34]  Shengnian Wang,et al.  Design of a compact disk-like microfluidic platform for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[35]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Microfluidic devices fabricated in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for biological studies , 2003, Electrophoresis.

[36]  Richard A Montagna,et al.  Development of a microfluidic biosensor module for pathogen detection. , 2005, Lab on a chip.

[37]  Dieter Stoll,et al.  Miniaturised multiplexed immunoassays. , 2002, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[38]  Elisabeth Verpoorte,et al.  An integrated fritless column for on-chip capillary electrochromatography with conventional stationary phases. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[39]  Bruce S Edwards,et al.  High‐throughput flow cytometry: Validation in microvolume bioassays , 2003, Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology.

[40]  J. Treadway,et al.  Multiplexed SNP genotyping using the Qbead system: a quantum dot-encoded microsphere-based assay. , 2003, Nucleic acids research.

[41]  H. B. Halsall,et al.  Microfluidic immunosensor systems. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[42]  S. J. Lee,et al.  Micro total analysis system (μ-TAS) in biotechnology , 2004, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[43]  P. Yager,et al.  A rapid diffusion immunoassay in a T-sensor , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[44]  J. El-Ali,et al.  Simulation and experimental validation of a SU-8 based PCR thermocycler chip with integrated heaters and temperature sensor , 2004 .

[45]  U. Prabhakar,et al.  Simultaneous quantification of proinflammatory cytokines in human plasma using the LabMAP assay. , 2002, Journal of immunological methods.

[46]  D. Vignali,et al.  Simultaneous quantitation of 15 cytokines using a multiplexed flow cytometric assay. , 1999, Journal of immunological methods.

[47]  Stephen Quake,et al.  A nanoliter rotary device for polymerase chain reaction , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[48]  Hyeon-Bong Pyo,et al.  A polymer-based microfluidic device for immunosensing biochips. , 2003, Lab on a chip.

[49]  Shuming Nie,et al.  Quantum dot-encoded mesoporous beads with high brightness and uniformity: rapid readout using flow cytometry. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[50]  T. Mcintosh,et al.  The duality of the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury , 2001, Molecular Neurobiology.

[51]  Andreas Manz,et al.  Micromachining of monocrystalline silicon and glass for chemical analysis systems A look into next century's technology or just a fashionable craze? , 1991 .

[52]  S. Nie,et al.  Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging. , 2002, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[53]  Thomas Laurell,et al.  Microfluidic enzyme immunoassay using silicon microchip with immobilized antibodies and chemiluminescence detection. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[54]  Tatsuro Endo,et al.  On-chip micro-flow polystyrene bead-based immunoassay for quantitative detection of tacrolimus (FK506). , 2004, Analytical biochemistry.

[55]  Tudor I. Oprea,et al.  Flow cytometry for high-throughput, high-content screening. , 2004, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[56]  S. Nie,et al.  Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.