Real-time vehicle-to-grid control for frequency regulation with high frequency regulating signal

The large-scale popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) brings the potential for grid frequency regulation. Considering the characteristics of fast response and adjustment of EVs, two control strategies of automatic generation control (AGC) with EVs are proposed responding to two high frequency regulating signals extracted from area control error (ACE) and area regulation requirement (ARR) by a digital filter, respectively. In order to dispatch regulation task to EVs, the capacity of regulation is calculated based on maximum V2G power and the present V2G power of EVs. Finally, simulations based on a two-area interconnected power system show that the proposed approaches can significantly suppress frequency deviation and reduce the active power output of traditional generation units.

[1]  Zhiwei Xu,et al.  Optimal Coordination of Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Power Grids With Cost-Benefit Analysis—Part II: A Case Study in China , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[2]  David Dallinger,et al.  Vehicle-to-Grid Regulation Reserves Based on a Dynamic Simulation of Mobility Behavior , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[3]  Thomas J. Overbye,et al.  An Authenticated Control Framework for Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[4]  Sekyung Han,et al.  Estimation of Achievable Power Capacity From Plug-in Electric Vehicles for V2G Frequency Regulation: Case Studies for Market Participation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[5]  Victor O. K. Li,et al.  Capacity Estimation for Vehicle-to-Grid Frequency Regulation Services With Smart Charging Mechanism , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[6]  Willett Kempton,et al.  ELECTRIC VEHICLES AS A NEW POWER SOURCE FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES , 1997 .

[7]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Decentralized Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Primary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[8]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Supplementary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[9]  Canbing Li,et al.  Influences of Electric Vehicles on Power System and Key Technologies of Vehicle-to-Grid , 2016 .

[10]  Zhiwei Xu,et al.  Evaluation of Achievable Vehicle-to-Grid Capacity Using Aggregate PEV Model , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[11]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue , 2005 .

[12]  Zhiwei Xu,et al.  Optimal Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Power Grids With Cost-Benefit Analysis—Part I: Enabling Techniques , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[13]  Osama Mohammed,et al.  Real-time plug-in electric vehicles charging control for V2G frequency regulation , 2013, IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[14]  Chengxiong Mao,et al.  Frequency regulation of multi-area power systems with plug-in electric vehicles considering communication delays , 2016 .

[15]  Sekyung Han,et al.  Development of an Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid Aggregator for Frequency Regulation , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[16]  Robert C. Green,et al.  The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: a review and outlook , 2010, PES 2010.

[17]  Canbing Li,et al.  Hidden Benefits of Electric Vehicles for Addressing Climate Change , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[18]  Taisuke Masuta,et al.  Supplementary Load Frequency Control by Use of a Number of Both Electric Vehicles and Heat Pump Water Heaters , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[19]  Igor Kuzle,et al.  Value of Flexible Electric Vehicles in Providing Spinning Reserve Services , 2015 .