Shaking the Foundation: Women of Color in Sport

Feminist sport psychologists agree that the playing field is not level regarding gender issues in and out of sport and that sexism is alive and well. Ironically, the myth persists that race and racism are not prevalent in sport. Like any aspect of culture, sport is influenced by societal norms. Thus, for women of color, race and gender are accompanied by racism and sexism within and outside of athletics. The purpose of this paper is to briefly examine the experiences of women of color within sport and the feminist sport psychology community in particular. The feminist preoccupation with gender frequently ignores or minimizes race and cultural differences between women and the racism that can emerge in cross-racial interactions. The result is the marginalization of women of color.

[1]  James M. Jones Prejudice and Racism , 1972, The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Religion.

[2]  M. Messner,et al.  The Televised Sports Manhood Formula , 2000 .

[3]  Carolyn M. West Mammy, Jezebel, Sapphire, and Their Homegirls: Developing an "Oppositional Gaze" Toward the Images of Black Women , 2000 .

[4]  J. Helms,et al.  Using Race and Culture in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theory and Process , 1998 .

[5]  J. Phinney,et al.  When we talk about American ethnic groups, what do we mean? , 1996 .

[6]  C. T. Hayashi Achievement Motivation among Anglo-American and Hawaiian Male Physical Activity Participants: Individual Differences and Social Contextual Factors , 1996 .

[7]  J. Macclancy Sport, identity and ethnicity. , 1996 .

[8]  Donna Ann Ligutom-Kimura The Invisible Women , 1995 .

[9]  K. Jamieson Latinas in Sport and Physical Activity , 1995 .

[10]  Janice Schroeder Developing Self-esteem and Leadership Skills in Native American Women: The Role Sports and Games Play , 1995 .

[11]  R. Hall,et al.  Cultural Competence in Feminist Family Therapy , 1995 .

[12]  James W. Helms,et al.  An update of Helm's White and people of color racial identity models. , 1995 .

[13]  P. Reid,et al.  Research On Women Of Color: From Ignorance to Awareness , 1994 .

[14]  C. T. Hayashi,et al.  A cross-cultural analysis of achievement motivation in Anglo American and Japanese marathon runners , 1994 .

[15]  G. Cohen Women in sport : issues and controversies , 1993 .

[16]  Yevonne R. Smith Women of Color in Society and Sport , 1992 .

[17]  S. Graham "Most of the subjects were White and middle class": Trends in published research on African Americans in selected APA journals, 1970–1989. , 1992 .

[18]  D. Segrist,et al.  Sex bias in psychological research. Progress or complacency? , 1992, The American psychologist.

[19]  G. Jarvie Sport, Racism And Ethnicity , 1991 .

[20]  J. Duda,et al.  Cross-cultural Analysis in Exercise and Sport Psychology: A Void in the Field , 1990 .

[21]  Samuel M. Paley,et al.  King of the world , 1976 .