Mediated hugs modulate impressions of Hearsay information

ABSTRACT Direct interpersonal touch affects the recipients' impression of the touch providers and information related to them. However, the applicability of this fact in mediated interpersonal touch remains unclear. In this study, we describe the alleviating effect of mediated interpersonal touch on social judgment and show that mediated hugs with a remote person affect the impression of the hearsay information about a third person. In our experiment, participants rated their impressions via a questionnaire and recall test. Results show that mediated hugs reduced negative inferences when people recalled information about the third person. As a possible underlying mechanism, we argue that stress reduction through mediated hugs moderates negative impressions of the third person. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

[1]  Kazuaki Tanaka,et al.  Remote handshaking: touch enhances video-mediated social telepresence , 2014, CHI.

[2]  J. Bargh,et al.  Incidental Haptic Sensations Influence Social Judgments and Decisions , 2010, Science.

[3]  Irwin Altman,et al.  Manwatching: A field guide to human behavior. , 1978 .

[4]  M. Goldman,et al.  The Effect of Touching Different Body Areas on Prosocial Behavior , 1984 .

[5]  E. Hall,et al.  Proxemics [and Comments and Replies] , 1968, Current Anthropology.

[6]  Jeremy N. Bailenson,et al.  Virtual Interpersonal Touch: Expressing and Recognizing Emotions Through Haptic Devices , 2007, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[7]  Takashi Minato,et al.  Hugvie: A medium that fosters love , 2013, 2013 IEEE RO-MAN.

[8]  Wa Wijnand IJsselsteijn,et al.  A Virtual Midas Touch? Touch, Compliance, and Confederate Bias in Mediated Communication , 2014 .

[9]  John-John Cabibihan,et al.  Affective Tele-touch , 2012, ICSR.

[10]  Ruth Feldman,et al.  Touch attenuates infants' physiological reactivity to stress. , 2010, Developmental science.

[11]  M. Shermer,et al.  A bounty of science. , 2004, Scientific American.

[12]  Jacob Hornik,et al.  Tactile Stimulation and Consumer Response , 1992 .

[13]  Gijs Huisman,et al.  Social Touch Technology: A Survey of Haptic Technology for Social Touch , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Haptics.

[14]  Takashi Minato,et al.  Minimal Human Design Approach for sonzai-kan Media: Investigation of a Feeling of Human Presence , 2014, Cognitive Computation.

[15]  Robin I. M. Dunbar,et al.  Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[16]  M. Goldman,et al.  Prosocial behavior as affected by eye contact, touch, and voice expression. , 1983, The Journal of social psychology.

[17]  Tetsuo Ono,et al.  Android as a telecommunication medium with a human-like presence , 2007, 2007 2nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[18]  Vera Morhenn,et al.  Massage increases oxytocin and reduces adrenocorticotropin hormone in humans. , 2012, Alternative therapies in health and medicine.

[19]  Gerald Echterhoff,et al.  Audience-tuning effects on memory: the role of shared reality. , 2005, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[20]  S. Asch Forming impressions of personality. , 1946, Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

[21]  Alexander Toet,et al.  Social Touch in Human–Computer Interaction , 2015, Front. Digit. Humanit..

[22]  H. Ishiguro,et al.  Huggable communication medium decreases cortisol levels , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[23]  T. Grandin,et al.  My experiences as an autistic child and review of selected literature , 1984 .

[24]  J. Wessberg,et al.  Discriminative and Affective Touch: Sensing and Feeling , 2014, Neuron.

[25]  Cynthia Breazeal,et al.  Design of a therapeutic robotic companion for relational, affective touch , 2005, ROMAN 2005. IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2005..

[26]  J. Teasdale Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship? , 1983 .

[27]  Alexander Toet,et al.  Effects of mediated social touch on affective experiences and trust , 2015, PeerJ.

[28]  Aduén Darriba Frederiks,et al.  Simulating Affective Touch: Using a Vibrotactile Array to Generate Pleasant Stroking Sensations , 2016, EuroHaptics.

[29]  C. Spence,et al.  The science of interpersonal touch: An overview , 2010, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[30]  J. Fisher,et al.  Multidimensional reaction to therapeutic touch in a hospital setting. , 1979, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[31]  Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn,et al.  Mediated social touch: a review of current research and future directions , 2006, Virtual Reality.

[32]  Martin R. Gibbs,et al.  Hug over a distance , 2005, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[33]  Kazuaki Tanaka,et al.  Physical Embodiment Can Produce Robot Operator’s Pseudo Presence , 2015, Front. ICT.

[34]  R. Heslin,et al.  Hands touching hands: affective and evaluative effects of an interpersonal touch. , 1976, Sociometry.

[35]  E. Tory Higgins,et al.  "Saying is believing" effects: When sharing reality about something biases knowledge and evaluations. , 1999 .

[36]  W. S. Rholes,et al.  "Saying is believing": Effects of message modification on memory and liking for the person described. , 1978 .

[37]  C. Beard,et al.  Interpretation Bias and Social Anxiety , 2005, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[38]  Ulrike Ehlert,et al.  Effects of different kinds of couple interaction on cortisol and heart rate responses to stress in women , 2007, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[39]  T. Grandin,et al.  Behavioral and physiological effects of deep pressure on children with autism: a pilot study evaluating the efficacy of Grandin's Hug Machine. , 1999, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[40]  Takashi Minato,et al.  Evoking Affection for a Communication Partner by a Robotic Communication Medium , 2013 .

[41]  Jan B. F. van Erp,et al.  Social Touch in Human–Robot Interaction: Robot-Initiated Touches can Induce Positive Responses without Extensive Prior Bonding , 2018, Int. J. Soc. Robotics.

[42]  Tsunetsugu Munakata,et al.  Embrace system for remote counseling , 2006, ICMI '06.

[43]  Shuichi Nishio,et al.  Exploring the Natural Reaction of Young and Aged Person with Telenoid in a Real World , 2011, J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Informatics.

[44]  Hirotaka Osawa,et al.  Huggable Communication Medium Maintains Level of Trust during Conversation Game , 2017, Front. Psychol..

[45]  Katherine J. Kuchenbecker,et al.  Softness, Warmth, and Responsiveness Improve Robot Hugs , 2018, International Journal of Social Robotics.

[46]  M. Patterson,et al.  Touch, compliance, and interpersonal affect , 1986 .

[47]  Norihiro Hagita,et al.  A Robot that Encourages Self-disclosure by Hug , 2017, ICSR.

[48]  Araceli Queiruga Dios,et al.  Case Study: Online Learning for Design and Calculation of Machines , 2015, Front. ICT.

[49]  Jeffrey Tzu Kwan Valino Koh,et al.  Mobile implementation and user evaluation of the Huggy Pajama system , 2012, 2012 IEEE Haptics Symposium (HAPTICS).

[50]  Judee K. Burgoon,et al.  Relational message interpretations of touch, conversational distance, and posture , 1991 .

[51]  J. Walther,et al.  Interpretations, Evaluations, and Consequences of Interpersonal Touch , 1992 .

[52]  L. Forsell,et al.  Meanings of Hugging: From Greeting Behavior to Touching Implications: , 2012 .

[53]  Jodi Forlizzi,et al.  The Hug: an exploration of robotic form for intimate communication , 2003, The 12th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2003. Proceedings. ROMAN 2003..

[54]  Alexander Toet,et al.  Affective and Behavioral Responses to Robot-Initiated Social Touch: Toward Understanding the Opportunities and Limitations of Physical Contact in Human–Robot Interaction , 2017, Front. ICT.

[55]  Fumihide Tanaka,et al.  Socialization between toddlers and robots at an early childhood education center , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.