Precise determination of the ratio h/mu: a way to link microscopic mass to the new kilogram

The ratio between the Planck constant and the unified atomic mass constant should have a special status in the framework of the future international system of units. Currently (before the redefinition), this ratio allowed the comparison between determinations of h (watt balance) and determinations of (the XRCD method). In the future SI, as the Planck constant h will be fixed, the ratio will ensure the realization of the new kilogram (quantum kilogram) at the atomic scale. Furthermore as the Avogadro constant will be fixed, the carbon molar mass M(12C), which will no longer be equal to , will be determined from m u. This ratio is also key data for the realization of the kilogram at the macroscopic scale using the XRCD method. In this paper we present the state of the art on experiments that provide the most precise value of the ratio . We focus on the one that is based on the measurement of the atomic recoil due to the photon momentum.

[1]  M. Hayakawa,et al.  Tenth-order QED contribution to the electron g-2 and an improved value of the fine structure constant. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[2]  M. Borys,et al.  Redefinition of the kilogram and the impact on its future dissemination , 2010 .

[3]  B. P. Kibble,et al.  A Measurement of the Gyromagnetic Ratio of the Proton by the Strong Field Method , 1976 .

[4]  S. Chiow,et al.  Atom interferometers with scalable enclosed area. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[5]  G. Mana,et al.  Accurate measurements of the Avogadro and Planck constants by counting silicon atoms , 2013 .

[6]  Jstor Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (A) , 2011 .

[7]  G. Gabrielse,et al.  High efficiency positron accumulation for high-precision magnetic moment experiments. , 2014, The Review of scientific instruments.

[8]  G. Scoles,et al.  Optical Ramsey fringes with traveling waves , 1984 .

[9]  Peter J. Mohr,et al.  Redefinition of the kilogram: a decision whose time has come , 2005 .

[10]  Naoki Kuramoto,et al.  Realization of the kilogram by the XRCD method , 2016 .

[11]  F. Nez,et al.  State of the art in the determination of the fine structure constant: test of Quantum Electrodynamics and determination of h/mu , 2013, 1309.3393.

[12]  A. H. Wapstra,et al.  The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references , 2012 .

[13]  U. Jentschura,et al.  Complete two-loop correction to the bound-electron g factor , 2005, physics/0506227.

[14]  Thomas Graf,et al.  The size of the proton , 2010, Nature.

[15]  Shau-Yu Lan,et al.  A Clock Directly Linking Time to a Particle's Mass , 2013, Science.

[16]  P. Cladé,et al.  Theoretical analysis of a large momentum beamsplitter using Bloch oscillations , 2010, 1007.3101.

[17]  G. Gabrielse,et al.  New measurement of the electron magnetic moment and the fine structure constant. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[18]  Holger Müller,et al.  High-Resolution Atom Interferometers with Suppressed Diffraction Phases. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[19]  Xing Xu,et al.  The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data; and adjustment procedures , 2017 .

[20]  R. Steiner History and progress on accurate measurements of the Planck constant , 2013, Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society.

[21]  T. Hänsch,et al.  Improved measurement of the hydrogen 1S-2S transition frequency. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[22]  C. Keitel,et al.  g Factor of Light Ions for an Improved Determination of the Fine-Structure Constant. , 2015, Physical Review Letters.

[23]  M. Stock Watt balance experiments for the determination of the Planck constant and the redefinition of the kilogram , 2013 .

[24]  B. Taylor,et al.  CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006 | NIST , 2007, 0801.0028.

[25]  G Gabrielse,et al.  New measurement of the electron magnetic moment using a one-electron quantum cyclotron. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[26]  Thomas Graf,et al.  Proton Structure from the Measurement of 2S-2P Transition Frequencies of Muonic Hydrogen , 2013, Science.

[27]  Stephan Schlamminger,et al.  The watt or Kibble balance: a technique for implementing the new SI definition of the unit of mass , 2016, Metrologia.

[28]  J. Reichel,et al.  Bloch Oscillations of Atoms in an Optical Potential , 1996, EQEC'96. 1996 European Quantum Electronic Conference.

[29]  M. Hayakawa,et al.  Tenth-Order Electron Anomalous Magnetic Moment --- Contribution of Diagrams without Closed Lepton Loops , 2014, 1412.8284.

[30]  A. Clairon,et al.  Metrology of the hydrogen and deuterium atoms: Determination of the Rydberg constant and Lamb shifts , 2000 .

[31]  C. H. Keitel,et al.  High-precision measurement of the atomic mass of the electron , 2014, Nature.

[32]  C. Bordé,et al.  Base units of the SI, fundamental constants and modern quantum physics , 2005, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[33]  Wilkinson,et al.  Observation of atomic Wannier-Stark ladders in an accelerating optical potential. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[34]  A. Wicht,et al.  A Preliminary Measurement of the Fine Structure Constant Based on Atom Interferometry , 2003 .

[35]  A. H. Wapstra,et al.  The 2012 Atomic Mass Evaluation and the Mass Tables , 2014 .

[36]  Young,et al.  Precision measurement of the photon recoil of an atom using atomic interferometry. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[37]  P. Cladé,et al.  New determination of the fine structure constant and test of the quantum electrodynamics , 2010, 2012 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO).

[38]  P. Cladé,et al.  Large momentum beam splitter using Bloch oscillations. , 2009, Physical review letters.