Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: a short review on the versatile role of activated carbon.

During the last decade, several physico-chemical and biological techniques have been developed to remove colour from textile wastewaters. Some of these techniques rely on and many will profit from activated carbon (AC). The role of AC is versatile: (1) it acts as a dye adsorbent, not only in straightforward adsorption processes but also in AC-enhanced coagulation and membrane filtration processes; (2) it generates strong oxidising agents (mostly, hydroxyl (OH) radicals) in electrochemical dye oxidation; (3) it catalyses OH production in advanced oxidation processes; (4) it catalyses anaerobic (azo) dye reduction and supports biofilm growth in microbial dye removal. This paper reviews the role of AC in dye decolourisation, evaluates the feasibility of each AC-amended decolourisation technique and discusses perspectives on future research.

[1]  H. Shu,et al.  Decolorization of acid black 24 by the FeGAC/H2O2 process. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[2]  Jules B van Lier,et al.  Review paper on current technologies for decolourisation of textile wastewaters: perspectives for anaerobic biotechnology. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[3]  J. Cakl,et al.  Combined membrane process at wastewater treatment , 2007 .

[4]  J. V. Lier,et al.  Effect of different redox mediators during thermophilic azo dye reduction by anaerobic granular sludge and comparative study between mesophilic (30 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) treatments for decolourisation of textile wastewaters , 2004 .

[5]  Shuisong Chen,et al.  Electrochemical treatment of alizarin red S dye wastewater using an activated carbon fiber as anode material , 2008 .

[6]  H. Awad,et al.  Electrochemical degradation of Acid Blue and Basic Brown dyes on Pb/PbO2 electrode in the presence of different conductive electrolyte and effect of various operating factors. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[7]  S. Zang,et al.  Investigation on the rapid degradation of congo red catalyzed by activated carbon powder under microwave irradiation. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[8]  M. Bayramoğlu,et al.  Treatment of the textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[9]  Keiichi Tanaka,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of commercial azo dyes , 2000 .

[10]  J. Figueiredo,et al.  Carbon as Catalyst , 2008 .

[11]  Jian Yu,et al.  Decolourisation of Acid Violet 7 with complex pellets of white rot fungus and activated carbon , 2000 .

[12]  Ibrahim M. Banat,et al.  Microbial decolorization of textile-dye-containing effluents A review , 1996 .

[13]  M. Ray,et al.  Advanced Oxidation Processes , 2006 .

[14]  M. Barreiro,et al.  Catalytic wet air oxidation of textile industrial wastewater using metal supported on carbon nanofibers , 2008 .

[15]  J. Órfão,et al.  Cerium, manganese and cobalt oxides as catalysts for the ozonation of selected organic compounds. , 2009, Chemosphere.

[16]  O. Ozcan,et al.  Ozonation of C.I. Reactive Red 194 and C.I. Reactive Yellow 145 in aqueous solution in the presence of granular activated carbon , 2007 .

[17]  Feng-Chin Wu,et al.  Characterization and use of activated carbons prepared from bagasses for liquid-phase adsorption , 2002 .

[18]  J. Órfão,et al.  Ozonation of Textile Effluents and Dye Solutions in the Presence of Activated Carbon under Continuous Operation , 2007 .

[19]  Rémi E. Lebrun,et al.  Treatment of textile dye plant effluent by nanofiltration membrane , 1999 .

[20]  Shuo Chen,et al.  Regeneration of acid orange 7-exhausted granular activated carbons with microwave irradiation. , 2004, Water research.

[21]  P. Gogate,et al.  A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions , 2004 .

[22]  Natalija Koprivanac,et al.  Removal of some reactive dyes from synthetic wastewater by combined Al(III) coagulation/carbon adsorption process , 2004 .

[23]  C. S. Jiménez,et al.  Effect of regeneration treatment with liquid water at high pressure and temperature on the characteristics of three commercial activated carbons , 1999 .

[24]  Vera Golob,et al.  Efficiency of the coagulation/flocculation method for the treatment of dyebath effluents , 2005 .

[25]  Sangyong Kim,et al.  Comparison of disperse and reactive dye removals by chemical coagulation and Fenton oxidation. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[26]  A. R. Cestari,et al.  Kinetic and calorimetric study of the adsorption of dyes on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from coconut coir dust. , 2006, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[27]  A. Maiti,et al.  Removal of congo red using activated carbon and its regeneration. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[28]  J. Herrmann,et al.  PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF DYES (ALIZARIN S, CROCEIN ORANGE G, METHYL RED, CONGO RED, METHYLENE BLUE) IN WATER BY UV-IRRADIATED TITANIA , 2002 .

[29]  A. L. Hines,et al.  Solvent regeneration of activated carbon , 1983 .

[30]  F. Rodríguez-Reinoso,et al.  CARBON MATERIALS IN CATALYSIS , 1996 .

[31]  Bernard Legube,et al.  Catalytic ozonation: a promising advanced oxidation technology for water treatment , 1999 .

[32]  C. Y. Chen,et al.  Degradation of azo dyes using low iron concentration of Fenton and Fenton-like system. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[33]  P. Serp,et al.  Platinum catalysts supported on MWNT for catalytic wet air oxidation of nitrogen containing compounds , 2005 .

[34]  Harry Marsh,et al.  CHAPTER 2 – Activated Carbon (Origins) , 2006 .

[35]  J. Órfão,et al.  Decolourisation of dye solutions by oxidation with H(2)O(2) in the presence of modified activated carbons. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[36]  C. Namasivayam,et al.  Removal of Congo Red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, an agricultural solid waste , 2002 .

[37]  S. De,et al.  Adsorption of eosin dye on activated carbon and its surfactant based desorption. , 2005, Journal of environmental management.

[38]  G. Ovejero,et al.  Wet air and catalytic wet air oxidation of several azodyes from wastewaters: the beneficial role of catalysis. , 2009, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[39]  Manuel Sánchez-Polo,et al.  Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: a review. , 2007, Journal of environmental management.

[40]  F. P. van der Zee,et al.  Thermal modification of activated carbon surface chemistry improves its capacity as redox mediator for azo dye reduction. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[41]  Shuixia Chen,et al.  Effect of activated carbon fiber anode structure and electrolysis conditions on electrochemical degradation of dye wastewater. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[42]  J. Órfão,et al.  Ozone Decomposition in Water Catalyzed by Activated Carbon: Influence of Chemical and Textural Properties , 2006 .

[43]  Carolyn I. Pearce,et al.  The removal of colour from textile wastewater using whole bacterial cells: a review , 2003 .

[44]  J. Jia,et al.  Treatment of dyeing wastewater with ACF electrodes , 1999 .

[45]  Makoto Hirata,et al.  Combination of adsorption and biodegradation processes for textile effluent treatment using a granular activated carbon-biofilm configured packed column system. , 2008, Journal of environmental sciences.

[46]  J. Weisburger,et al.  Comments on the history and importance of aromatic and heterocyclic amines in public health. , 2002, Mutation research.

[47]  W. Daud,et al.  Review of modifications of activated carbon for enhancing contaminant uptakes from aqueous solutions , 2007 .

[48]  Sheng H. Lin,et al.  Catalytic oxidation of dye wastewater by metal oxide catalyst and granular activated carbon , 1999 .

[49]  K. Byrappa,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye using TiO2 impregnated activated carbon , 2007 .

[50]  P. Yue,et al.  Copper/activated carbon as catalyst for organic wastewater treatment , 1999 .

[51]  J. Raulin,et al.  Heterogeneous photocatalysis: state of the art and present applications In honor of Pr. R.L. Burwell Jr. (1912–2003), Former Head of Ipatieff Laboratories, Northwestern University, Evanston (Ill). , 2005 .

[52]  F. Çeçen,et al.  Bioregeneration of activated carbon: A review , 2007 .

[53]  P. Cañizares,et al.  Electrochemical Oxidation of Azoic Dyes with Conductive-Diamond Anodes , 2006 .

[54]  Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern,et al.  Catalytic ozonation and methods of enhancing molecular ozone reactions in water treatment , 2003 .

[55]  F. Stüber,et al.  Catalytic wet air oxidation of substituted phenols using activated carbon as catalyst , 2005 .

[56]  F. Stüber,et al.  Advanced Bioreduction of Commercially Important Azo Dyes: Modeling and Correlation with Electrochemical Characteristics , 2009 .

[57]  F. Stüber,et al.  Carbon materials and catalytic wet air oxidation of organic pollutants in wastewater , 2005 .

[58]  Sheng H. Lin,et al.  Treatment of textile wastewater by electrochemical method , 1994 .

[59]  C. Costa,et al.  Biomass concentration in PACT process , 1996 .

[60]  J. F. Porter,et al.  Sorption of acid dyes from effluents using activated carbon , 1999 .

[61]  Xinmei Liu,et al.  Aqueous dye adsorption on ordered mesoporous carbons. , 2007, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[62]  Huijuan Liu,et al.  Mineralization of an azo dye Acid Red 14 by electro-Fenton's reagent using an activated carbon fiber cathode , 2005 .

[63]  G. González-Alatorre,et al.  Proposed pathways for the reduction of a reactive azo dye in an anaerobic fixed bed reactor , 2009 .

[64]  Ramesh Thiruvenkatachari,et al.  Evaluation of the performance of adsorption and coagulation processes for the maximum removal of reactive dyes , 2006 .

[65]  Pengwu Wu,et al.  Immobilization of TiO2 films on activated carbon fiber and their photocatalytic degradation properties for dye compounds with different molecular size , 2008 .

[66]  Delia Teresa Sponza,et al.  Anaerobic/aerobic treatment of a simulated textile wastewater , 2008 .

[67]  Huijuan Liu,et al.  Mineralization of an azo dye Acid Red 14 by photoelectro-Fenton process using an activated carbon fiber cathode , 2008 .

[68]  José L. Figueiredo,et al.  Adsorption of dyes on activated carbons: influence of surface chemical groups , 2003 .

[69]  M. Loizidou,et al.  Electrochemical oxidation of a textile dye wastewater using a Pt/Ti electrode. , 1999, Journal of hazardous materials.

[70]  Shaobin Wang,et al.  Effects of acidic treatment of activated carbons on dye adsorption , 2007 .

[71]  J. Figueiredo,et al.  Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons , 1999 .

[72]  P. K. Malik.  Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice-husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acid Yellow 36 , 2003 .

[73]  M. Swaminathan,et al.  Combination effect of ZnO and activated carbon for solar assisted photocatalytic degradation of Direct Blue 53 , 2007 .

[74]  A. Drews,et al.  Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): membrane fouling and membrane material. , 2009, Water research.

[75]  Cheng Sun,et al.  Microwave photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B using TiO2 supported on activated carbon: mechanism implication. , 2009, Journal of environmental sciences.

[76]  J. Lalman,et al.  Biodegradation of Red B Dye by Bacillus Sp. OY1-2 , 2004, Environmental technology.

[77]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Bioaugmented membrane bioreactor (MBR) with a GAC-packed zone for high rate textile wastewater treatment. , 2011, Water research.

[78]  Cliona O’Neill,et al.  Anaerobic treatment of textile effluents: A review , 1998 .

[79]  U. Gunten,et al.  Efficiency of activated carbon to transform ozone into *OH radicals: influence of operational parameters. , 2005, Water research.

[80]  Manuel Fernando R. Pereira,et al.  Activated carbon and ceria catalysts applied to the catalytic ozonation of dyes and textile effluents , 2009 .

[81]  J. Hoigné,et al.  Activated Carbon and Carbon Black Catalyzed Transformation of Aqueous Ozone into OH-Radicals , 1998 .

[82]  I. D. Mall,et al.  Removal of congo red from aqueous solution by bagasse fly ash and activated carbon: kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analyses. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[83]  S. Ong,et al.  Treatment of azo dye Orange II in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic-sequencing batch ractor system , 2005 .

[84]  Heesu Park,et al.  Flux Enhancement with Powdered Activated Carbon Addition in the Membrane Anaerobic Bioreactor , 1999 .

[85]  V. V. Mahajani,et al.  Wet oxidative regeneration of activated carbon loaded with reactive dye. , 2002, Waste management.

[86]  Weikun Ge,et al.  Enhancement of adsorption and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 by using carbon nanotubes for the treatment of azo dye , 2005 .

[87]  F. García-Ochoa,et al.  Decolorization of Textile Dyes by Wet Oxidation Using Activated Carbon as Catalyst , 2007 .

[88]  M. Kimura,et al.  DISCOVERY OF THE ACTIVATED-CARBON RADICAL AC+ AND THE NOVEL OXIDATION-REACTIONS COMPRISING THE AC/AC+ CYCLE AS A CATALYST IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION , 1994 .

[89]  Z. Shen,et al.  Degradation of dye solution by an activated carbon fiber electrode electrolysis system. , 2001, Journal of hazardous materials.

[90]  H. Karlsson,et al.  Treatment of dye wastewater containing acid orange II using a cell with three-phase three-dimensional electrode. , 2001, Water research.

[91]  N. Kannan,et al.  Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons—a comparative study , 2001 .

[92]  S. Sirianuntapiboon,et al.  Removal of disperse dyes from textile wastewater using bio-sludge. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[93]  H. Shu,et al.  Decolorization of mono-azo dyes in wastewater by advanced oxidation process : a case study of acid red 1 and acid yellow 23 , 1994 .

[94]  Cláudia G. Silva,et al.  Photocatalytic and photochemical degradation of mono-, di- and tri-azo dyes in aqueous solution under UV irradiation , 2006 .

[95]  J. Órfão,et al.  Adsorption of a reactive dye on chemically modified activated carbons--influence of pH. , 2006, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[96]  T Robinson,et al.  Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. , 2001, Bioresource technology.

[97]  J. Herrmann,et al.  HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOATALYSIS: STATE OF THE ART AND PRESENT APPLICATIONS , 2005 .

[98]  C. Costa,et al.  Azo-dye Orange II degradation by heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction using carbon-Fe catalysts , 2007 .

[99]  F. Kopinke,et al.  Interaction of adsorption and catalytic reactions in water decontamination processes: Part I. Oxidation of organic contaminants with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by activated carbon , 2005 .

[100]  Shaobin Wang,et al.  The physical and surface chemical characteristics of activated carbons and the adsorption of methylene blue from wastewater. , 2005, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[101]  F. Stüber,et al.  Tailored activated carbons as catalysts in biodecolourisation of textile azo dyes , 2010 .

[102]  W. Shim,et al.  Submerged microfiltration membrane coupled with alum coagulation/powdered activated carbon adsorption for complete decolorization of reactive dyes. , 2006, Water research.

[103]  V. V. Goncharuk,et al.  Decolourization of azodye solutions by Fenton's oxidation , 1995 .

[104]  A. Stolz.  Basic and applied aspects in the microbial degradation of azo dyes , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[105]  Joaquim L. Faria,et al.  Photochemical and photocatalytic degradation of an azo dye in aqueous solution by UV irradiation , 2003 .

[106]  Shengyu Lin,et al.  Treatment of textile waste effluents by ozonation and chemical coagulation , 1993 .

[107]  Cláudia G. Silva,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of Chromotrope 2R using nanocrystalline TiO2/activated-carbon composite catalysts , 2007 .

[108]  G. Lettinga,et al.  Activated carbon as an electron acceptor and redox mediator during the anaerobic biotransformation of azo dyes. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[109]  Guang-Zhou Qu,et al.  Regeneration of acid orange 7-exhausted granular activated carbon with dielectric barrier discharge plasma. , 2009 .

[110]  M. S. Gonçalves,et al.  Photochemical treatment of solutions of azo dyes containing TiO2 , 1999 .

[111]  F. Banat,et al.  Treating dye wastewater by an integrated process of adsorption using activated carbon and ultrafiltration , 2004 .

[112]  X. Quan,et al.  Integrated electrochemically enhanced adsorption with electrochemical regeneration for removal of acid orange 7 using activated carbon fibers , 2008 .

[113]  Suhas,et al.  Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal--a review. , 2009, Journal of environmental management.

[114]  Huijuan Liu,et al.  Degradation of azo dye Acid Orange 7 in water by Fe0/granular activated carbon system in the presence of ultrasound. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[115]  Ming-Chun Lu,et al.  Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and 4-chlorophenol in the presence of modified activated carbons. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[116]  B. Keskinler,et al.  Determination of the optimum conditions in the removal of Bomaplex Red CR-L dye from the textile wastewater using O3, H2O2, HCO3- and PAC. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[117]  K. Byrappa,et al.  Impregnation of ZnO onto activated carbon under hydrothermal conditions and its photocatalytic properties , 2006 .

[118]  C. Namasivayam,et al.  Experimental and kinetic studies on methylene blue adsorption by coir pith carbon. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[119]  T. Albanis,et al.  TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: kinetic and mechanistic investigations A review , 2004 .

[120]  W. Kuo,et al.  Decolorizing dye wastewater with Fenton's reagent , 1992 .

[121]  G. Walker,et al.  Biological activated carbon treatment of industrial wastewater in stirred tank reactors , 1999 .

[122]  E. Morallón,et al.  Effect of electrochemical treatments on the surface chemistry of activated carbon , 2009 .

[123]  Grażyna Gryglewicz,et al.  Adsorption characteristics of Congo Red on coal-based mesoporous activated carbon , 2007 .

[124]  Christophe Bengoa,et al.  Novel bioreactor design for decolourisation of azo dye effluents , 2008 .

[125]  J. Órfão,et al.  Mineralisation of coloured aqueous solutions by ozonation in the presence of activated carbon. , 2005, Water research.

[126]  Soon-An Ong,et al.  Granular activated carbon-biofilm configured sequencing batch reactor treatment of C.I. Acid Orange 7 , 2008 .

[127]  Y. Slokar,et al.  Methods of decoloration of textile wastewaters , 1998 .

[128]  Xu Zhao,et al.  Electro-photocatalytic degradation of acid orange II using a novel TiO2/ACF photoanode. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[129]  B. Keskinler,et al.  Removal of colour and COD from synthetic textile wastewaters using O3, PAC, H2O2 and HCO3-. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[130]  F P van der Zee,et al.  Azo dye decolourisation by anaerobic granular sludge. , 2001, Chemosphere.

[131]  K. Fukushi,et al.  Removal of structurally different dyes in submerged membrane fungi reactor—Biosorption/PAC-adsorption, membrane retention and biodegradation , 2008 .

[132]  F. P. van der Zee,et al.  Impact and application of electron shuttles on the redox (bio)transformation of contaminants: a review. , 2009, Biotechnology advances.

[133]  M. P. Callao,et al.  Kinetic and adsorption study of acid dye removal using activated carbon. , 2007, Chemosphere.

[134]  Jayanta Kumar Basu,et al.  Nanofiltration of textile plant effluent for color removal and reduction in COD , 2003 .

[135]  Shiying Yang,et al.  A novel advanced oxidation process to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater: microwave-activated persulfate oxidation. , 2009, Journal of environmental sciences.

[136]  D. Strik,et al.  Application of redox mediators to accelerate the transformation of reactive azo dyes in anaerobic bioreactors. , 2001, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[137]  Sheng H. Lin,et al.  Kinetic characteristics of textile wastewater ozonation in fluidized and fixed activated carbon beds , 2000 .

[138]  M. Jank,et al.  Iron powder, graphite and activated carbon as catalysts for the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution , 1998 .

[139]  S. Allen,et al.  Effect of carbon surface chemistry on the removal of reactive dyes from textile effluent , 2000 .

[140]  R. Sanghi,et al.  Adsorption-coagulation for the decolorisation of textile dye solutions , 2003 .

[141]  E. Forgács,et al.  Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review. , 2004, Environment international.

[142]  W. Chu,et al.  Dye removal from textile dye wastewater using recycled alum sludge. , 2001, Water research.

[143]  Roberto Andreozzi,et al.  Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery , 1999 .

[144]  Sanjeev Chaudhari,et al.  Anaerobic decolorisation of simulated textile wastewater containing azo dyes. , 2002, Bioresource technology.

[145]  G. Walker,et al.  Kinetics of acid dye adsorption on GAC , 1999 .

[146]  G. Walker,et al.  Adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution onto activated carbons , 2008 .

[147]  J. Ha,et al.  High-performance titanium dioxide photocatalyst on ordered mesoporous carbon support , 2008 .

[148]  Shaoyuan Shi,et al.  Electrolytic treatment of C.I. Acid Orange 7 in aqueous solution using a three-dimensional electrode reactor , 2008 .

[149]  Janez Levec,et al.  Catalytic wet-air oxidation processes: A review , 2007 .

[150]  V. Specchia,et al.  Powdered activated carbon in an activated sludge treatment plant , 1984 .

[151]  Kazuo Yamamoto,et al.  Hybrid Treatment Systems for Dye Wastewater , 2007 .

[152]  Kan Zhang,et al.  Characterization of Methylene Blue Decomposition on Fe-ACF/TiO 2 Photocatalysts Under UV Irradiation with or Without H 2 O 2 , 2009 .

[153]  F. Rodríguez-Reinoso,et al.  The role of carbon materials in heterogeneous catalysis , 1998 .

[154]  J. Figueiredo,et al.  Influence of the textural properties of an activated carbon catalyst on the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene , 2004 .

[155]  S. Sirianuntapiboon,et al.  Some properties of a granular activated carbon-sequencing batch reactor (GAC-SBR) system for treatment of textile wastewater containing direct dyes. , 2007, Journal of environmental management.

[156]  Mahmut Bayramoglu,et al.  Operating cost analysis of electrocoagulation of textile dye wastewater , 2004 .

[157]  S. Sirianuntapiboon,et al.  Treatability studies with granular activated carbon (GAC) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for textile wastewater containing direct dyes. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[158]  Santiago Villaverde,et al.  Combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment of azo dyes--a short review of bioreactor studies. , 2005, Water research.

[159]  F. Stüber,et al.  Effective Anaerobic Decolorization of Azo Dye Acid Orange 7 in Continuous Upflow Packed-Bed Reactor Using Biological Activated Carbon System , 2007 .

[160]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Agricultural based activated carbons for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions: a review. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[161]  Gustavo Capannelli,et al.  Treatment and reuse of textile effluents based on new ultrafiltration and other membrane technologies , 2001 .

[162]  Yan Sun,et al.  Removal of Acid Orange 7 in simulated wastewater using a three-dimensional electrode reactor: removal mechanisms and dye degradation pathway. , 2010, Chemosphere.

[163]  Jian-hui Sun,et al.  Photodegradation of azo dye Congo Red from aqueous solution by the WO3–TiO2/activated carbon (AC) photocatalyst under the UV irradiation , 2009 .

[164]  A. Stolz,et al.  Reduction of azo dyes by redox mediators originating in the naphthalenesulfonic acid degradation pathway of Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[165]  P. Serp,et al.  Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in catalysis , 2003 .

[166]  Honggang Chen,et al.  Effect of granular activated carbon on degradation of methyl orange when applied in combination with high-voltage pulse discharge. , 2007, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[167]  Huitao Liu,et al.  Preparation and catalytic property study of a novel kind of suspended photocatalyst of TiO2-activated carbon immobilized on silicone rubber film , 2005 .

[168]  J. Órfão,et al.  Adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes on activated carbons with different surface chemistries. , 2004, Water research.

[169]  N. Ince,et al.  Treatability of a Textile Azo Dye by UV/H2O2 , 1997 .

[170]  F. Stüber,et al.  Modified activated carbons for catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol , 2005 .

[171]  D. Mohan,et al.  Equilibrium uptake, sorption dynamics, process optimization, and column operations for the removal and recovery of malachite green from wastewater using activated carbon and activated slag , 1997 .