Efficient Hardware-Based Image Compression Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Multidimensional sensors, such as digital camera sensors in the visual sensor networks VSNs generate a huge amount of information compared with the scalar sensors in the wireless sensor networks WSNs. Processing and transmitting such data from low power sensor nodes is a challenging issue through their limited computational and restricted bandwidth requirements in a hardware constrained environment. Source coding can be used to reduce the size of vision data collected by the sensor nodes before sending it to its destination. With image compression, a more efficient method of processing and transmission can be obtained by removing the redundant information from the captured image raw data. In this paper, a survey of the main types of the conventional state of the art image compression standards such as JPEG and JPEG2000 is provided. A literature review of their advantages and shortcomings of the application of these algorithms in the VSN hardware environment is specified. Moreover, the main factors influencing the design of compression algorithms in the context of VSN are presented. The selected compression algorithm may have some hardware-oriented properties such as; simplicity in coding, low memory need, low computational load, and high-compression rate. In this survey paper, an energy efficient hardware based image compression is highly requested to counter the severe hardware constraints in the WSNs.

[1]  Allen Y. Yang,et al.  CITRIC: A low-bandwidth wireless camera network platform , 2008, 2008 Second ACM/IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras.

[2]  Naoki Wakamiya,et al.  Challenging issues in visual sensor networks , 2009, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[3]  Tossaporn Srisooksai,et al.  Practical data compression in wireless sensor networks: A survey , 2012, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[4]  Michael G. Strintzis,et al.  A family of wavelet-based stereo image coders , 2002, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol..

[5]  Benjamin Belzer,et al.  Wavelet filter evaluation for image compression , 1995, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[6]  Wu-chi Feng,et al.  Panoptes: scalable low-power video sensor networking technologies , 2003, MULTIMEDIA '03.

[7]  Biswanath Mukherjee,et al.  Wireless sensor network survey , 2008, Comput. Networks.

[8]  Kah Phooi Seng,et al.  Very Low-Memory Wavelet Compression Architecture Using Strip-Based Processing for Implementation in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, EURASIP J. Embed. Syst..

[9]  Abdelhamid Helali,et al.  Energy-efficient wavelet image compression in Wireless Sensor Network , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Wireless and Ubiquitous Systems.

[10]  Vincent Lecuire,et al.  Error resilient image communication with chaotic pixel interleaving for wireless camera sensors , 2008, REALWSN '08.

[11]  William A. Pearlman,et al.  A new, fast, and efficient image codec based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees , 1996, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol..

[12]  Wen-Kuo Lin,et al.  Listless zerotree coding for color images , 1998, Conference Record of Thirty-Second Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Cat. No.98CH36284).

[13]  Sergio Bampi,et al.  Multiplierless and fully pipelined JPEG compression soft IP targeting FPGAs , 2007, Microprocess. Microsystems.

[14]  Jianxiong Wang,et al.  Study of the Image Compression Based on SPIHT Algorithm , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Cognitive Informatics.

[15]  A. Subramanya,et al.  Image compression technique , 2001 .

[16]  Jason Fritts,et al.  EBCOT coprocessing architecture for JPEG2000 , 2004, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[17]  Stefan Winkler,et al.  Digital Video Quality: Vision Models and Metrics , 2005 .

[18]  Athanasios Kakarountas,et al.  Efficient High-Performance ASIC Implementation of JPEG-LS Encoder , 2007, 2007 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition.

[19]  SallehMohd Fadzli,et al.  Efficient Hardware-Based Image Compression Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014 .

[20]  Abdelhamid Helali,et al.  Adaptive image transfer for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) , 2010, 5th International Conference on Design & Technology of Integrated Systems in Nanoscale Era.

[21]  Chaitali Chakrabarti,et al.  A Survey on Lifting-based Discrete Wavelet Transform Architectures , 2006, J. VLSI Signal Process..

[22]  Antonio Ortega,et al.  Line based reduced memory, wavelet image compression , 1998, Proceedings DCC '98 Data Compression Conference (Cat. No.98TB100225).

[23]  Mike Horton,et al.  The platforms enabling wireless sensor networks , 2004, CACM.

[24]  Ephraim Feig,et al.  Fast algorithms for the discrete cosine transform , 1992, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[25]  Huaming Wu,et al.  Energy efficient distributed JPEG2000 image compression in multihop wireless networks , 2004, 2004 4th Workshop on Applications and Services in Wireless Networks, 2004. ASWN 2004..

[26]  Hamid R. Rabiee,et al.  A new approach for distributed image coding in wireless sensor networks , 2010, The IEEE symposium on Computers and Communications.

[27]  Enrico Magli,et al.  Low-complexity video compression for wireless sensor networks , 2003, 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. ICME '03. Proceedings (Cat. No.03TH8698).

[28]  Jean-Marie Moureaux,et al.  Low power hardware-based image compression solution for wireless camera sensor networks , 2012, Comput. Stand. Interfaces.

[29]  Roberto Manduchi,et al.  A Power-Aware, Self-Managing Wireless Camera Network for, Wide Area Monitoring , 2006 .

[30]  Maria E. Angelopoulou,et al.  Implementation and Comparison of the 5/3 Lifting 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform Computation Schedules on FPGAs , 2008, J. Signal Process. Syst..

[31]  Jinsang Kim,et al.  Low-power multiplierless DCT architecture using image correlation , 2004, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron..

[32]  Sesh Commuri,et al.  Run time compression of image data in wireless sensor networks , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC).

[33]  Alhussein A. Abouzeid,et al.  Power aware image transmission in energy constrained wireless networks , 2004, Proceedings. ISCC 2004. Ninth International Symposium on Computers And Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8769).

[34]  Joan Carletta,et al.  A comparison of hardware implementations of the biorthogonal 9/7 DWT: convolution versus lifting , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs.

[35]  Meiyan Zhang,et al.  Vision mesh: A novel video sensor networks platform for water conservancy engineering , 2010, 2010 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology.

[36]  Sergio D. Servetto.  Sensing lena-massively distributed compression of sensor images , 2003, Proceedings 2003 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.03CH37429).

[37]  Donald A. Adjeroh,et al.  Priority-based rate control for service differentiation and congestion control in wireless multimedia sensor networks , 2009, Comput. Networks.

[38]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Sensor Networks , 2002, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[39]  Vincent Lecuire,et al.  Efficient hardware solution for low power and adaptive image-compression in WSN , 2010, 2010 17th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems.

[40]  Rafael Gadea Gironés,et al.  A Novel FPGA Architecture of a 2-D Wavelet Transform , 2006, J. VLSI Signal Process..

[41]  Gustavo A. Ruiz,et al.  High Throughput Parallel-Pipeline 2-D DCT/IDCT Processor Chip , 2006, J. VLSI Signal Process..

[42]  Robert D. Nowak,et al.  Distributed image compression for sensor networks using correspondence analysis and super-resolution , 2003, Proceedings 2003 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.03CH37429).

[43]  Bülent Tavli,et al.  A survey of visual sensor network platforms , 2012, Multimedia Tools and Applications.

[44]  G.S. Moschytz,et al.  Practical fast 1-D DCT algorithms with 11 multiplications , 1989, International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,.

[45]  Chen-Yi Lee,et al.  A line-based, memory efficient and programmable architecture for 2D DWT using lifting scheme , 2001, ISCAS 2001. The 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (Cat. No.01CH37196).

[46]  C. Parisot,et al.  On board strip-based wavelet image coding for future space remote sensing missions , 2000, IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120).

[47]  David S. Taubman,et al.  High performance scalable image compression with EBCOT , 1999, Proceedings 1999 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. 99CH36348).

[48]  Raghunadh K. Bhattar,et al.  Strip based coding for large images using wavelets , 2002, Signal Process. Image Commun..

[49]  Xinkai Chen,et al.  A VLSI design of sensor node for wireless image sensor network , 2010, Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[50]  Sanjay Kumar Madria,et al.  Sensor networks: an overview , 2003 .

[51]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  A Survey of Visual Sensor Networks , 2009, Adv. Multim..

[52]  Anthony Rowe,et al.  CMUcam3: An Open Programmable Embedded Vision Sensor , 2007 .

[53]  Khaled Shuaib,et al.  A survey of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks challenges and solutions , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology.

[54]  Kannan Ramchandran,et al.  Distributed compression in a dense microsensor network , 2002, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[55]  Takumi Miyoshi,et al.  Image compression algorithm considering energy balance on wireless sensor networks , 2010, 2010 8th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics.

[56]  Michele Magno,et al.  A low-power wireless video sensor node for distributed object detection , 2007, Journal of Real-Time Image Processing.

[57]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  Applications of localized image processing techniques in wireless sensor networks , 2003, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[58]  Carlos F. García-Hernández,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications: a Survey , 2007 .

[59]  Sujit Dey,et al.  Adaptive and energy efficient wavelet image compression for mobile multimedia data services , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[60]  Ahmed Khoumsi,et al.  Energy-efficient transmission scheme of JPEG images over Visual Sensor Networks , 2008, 2008 33rd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN).

[61]  Wei Peng,et al.  Minimizing energy consumptions in wireless sensor networks via two-modal transmission , 2010, CCRV.

[62]  Liang-Gee Chen,et al.  Analysis and architecture design of block-coding engine for EBCOT in JPEG 2000 , 2003, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol..

[63]  Alhussein A. Abouzeid,et al.  Energy efficient distributed image compression in resource-constrained multihop wireless networks , 2005, Comput. Commun..

[64]  Anthony Rowe,et al.  FireFly Mosaic: A Vision-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networking System , 2007, 28th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS 2007).

[65]  E. Culurciello,et al.  Address-event imagers for sensor networks: evaluation and modeling , 2006, 2006 5th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[66]  Anantha Chandrakasan,et al.  Energy efficient system partitioning for distributed wireless sensor networks , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37221).

[67]  Jean-Marie Moureaux,et al.  Fast zonal DCT-based image compression for Wireless Camera Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 2nd International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications.

[68]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Cyclops: in situ image sensing and interpretation in wireless sensor networks , 2005, SenSys '05.

[69]  Ahmed Khoumsi,et al.  Modeling and Adapting JPEG to the Energy Requirements of VSN , 2008, 2008 Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks.

[70]  Jerome M. Shapiro,et al.  Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients , 1993, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[71]  William A. Pearlman,et al.  Image compression using the spatial-orientation tree , 1993, 1993 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[72]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  An evaluation of multi-resolution storage for sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[73]  David E. Culler,et al.  Analysis of wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring , 2004 .

[74]  Sufen Fong,et al.  MeshEye: A Hybrid-Resolution Smart Camera Mote for Applications in Distributed Intelligent Surveillance , 2007, 2007 6th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[75]  Ming Yang,et al.  An overview of lossless digital image compression techniques , 2005, 48th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005..

[76]  Youxian Sun,et al.  A Distributed Wavelet-Based Image Coding for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006 .

[77]  You-Chiun Wang,et al.  Data Compression Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010 .

[78]  Francesco Marcelloni,et al.  Enabling energy-efficient and lossy-aware data compression in wireless sensor networks by multi-objective evolutionary optimization , 2010, Inf. Sci..

[79]  Feng Wu,et al.  Directional Lapped Transforms for Image Coding , 2008, DCC.

[80]  Bo Chen,et al.  Low-complexity and energy efficient image compression scheme for wireless sensor networks , 2008, Comput. Networks.

[81]  Zongkai Yang,et al.  Joint power control and rate adaptation in wireless sensor networks , 2009, Ad Hoc Networks.

[82]  G.M. Aly,et al.  JPEG encoder for low-cost FPGAs , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems.

[83]  Martin Reisslein,et al.  A survey of multimedia streaming in wireless sensor networks , 2008, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[84]  Paul Molitor,et al.  A pipelined architecture for partitioned DWT based lossy image compression using FPGA's , 2001, FPGA '01.

[85]  Ahmed Khoumsi,et al.  Determining suitable wavelet filters for visual sensor networks , 2011, 2011 Saudi International Electronics, Communications and Photonics Conference (SIECPC).

[86]  Ahmed Khoumsi,et al.  Energy-aware JPEG for Visual Sensor networks , 2008 .

[87]  Stéphane Mallat,et al.  A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation , 1989, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[88]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks , 2007, Comput. Networks.

[89]  Luigi Ferrigno,et al.  Balancing computational and transmission power consumption in wireless image sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Symposium on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems, 2005..

[90]  Michael W. Marcellin,et al.  JPEG2000 - image compression fundamentals, standards and practice , 2002, The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science.

[91]  Elizabeth Chang,et al.  Wireless multimedia sensor network technology: A survey , 2009, 2009 7th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics.

[92]  Rached Tourki,et al.  Lifting scheme forward transform Multi-level Discrete Wavelet Transform Architecture Design , .

[93]  Chang Wen Chen,et al.  Multiple bitstream image transmission over wireless sensor networks , 2003 .

[94]  Abdelhamid Helali,et al.  Adaptive image compression technique for wireless sensor networks , 2011, Comput. Electr. Eng..

[95]  William A. Pearlman,et al.  SPIHT image compression without lists , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37100).

[96]  Yao Liang,et al.  Towards Energy Optimization in Environmental Wireless Sensor Networks for Lossless and Reliable Data Gathering , 2007, 2007 IEEE Internatonal Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems.

[97]  Choudhury A. Rahman,et al.  Efficient distributed arithmetic based DWT architecture for multimedia applications , 2003, The 3rd IEEE International Workshop on System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications, 2003. Proceedings..

[98]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks , 2007 .

[99]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[100]  Lui Sha,et al.  The Simplex Reference Model: Limiting Fault-Propagation Due to Unreliable Components in Cyber-Physical System Architectures , 2007, RTSS 2007.

[101]  Krste Asanovic,et al.  Energy Aware Lossless Data Compression , 2003, MobiSys.

[102]  Chin-Chen Chang,et al.  A Very Low Bit Rate Image Compressor Using Transformed Classified Vector Quantization , 2005, Informatica.

[103]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Image data compression: A review , 1981, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[104]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Guest Editors' Introduction: Overview of Sensor Networks , 2004, Computer.

[105]  Li-Minn Ang,et al.  Survey of image compression algorithms in wireless sensor networks , 2008, 2008 International Symposium on Information Technology.

[106]  Mario Di Francesco,et al.  Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey , 2009, Ad Hoc Networks.

[107]  Guido Masera,et al.  Low-complexity, efficient 9/7 wavelet filters implementation , 2005, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005.