Evaluation of the Cleaning and Alterations in Titanium Surfaces with Different Mechanical Instruments Using an Artificial Calculus

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the degree of cleanness (removal) and the surface texture of titanium discs after exposure to plastic and metallic curettes, an air-powder abrasive system, and an ultrasonic scaler. Materials and methods: Fifty titanium discs manufactured in the same conditions as implants were used. Half of the discs had a machined surface (group 1), while the other half had their surfaces treated with TiO2 particles followed by acid etching (group 2). To remove the artificial calculus, four methods were tested: Method 1 (M1) scraping with a Teflon curette; Method 2 (M2) – scraping with a titanium curette; Method 3 (M3) – cleaning with an air-powder abrasive system; and Method 4 (M4) – cleaning with an ultrasonic scaler with a metal tip. Evaluations were made using images captured on a digital microscope, and the surface condition of each group and method were described. Results: The results showed that for the discs of group 1, the artificial calculus deposits on the surfaces were more effectively removed with all methods when compared to group 2. The best results with respect to calculus removal and minimal surface damage were with method M1 for group 1 and method M3 for group 2. The numerical results indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the methods (p<.05). Conclusion: Removal of calculus is more difficult on rough surfaces, and metal instruments can lead to major damage to titanium surfaces.

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