High sensitivity measurement of brain catechols and indoles in vivo using electrochemically treated carbon-fiber electrodes

The combination of electrochemically treated carbon-fiber electrodes with DPV, DNPV or DPA represents a wide range of possibilities. As shown in this review, the choice of treatment and measurement technique depends on the purpose. As regards in vivo monitoring of 5-HIAA or DOPAC from very small brain nuclei, electrochemically treated carbon-fiber electrodes appear very potent and inexpensive. The main limitation of the established electrochemical techniques, including those discussed here, is that the unequivocal measurement of the basal extracellular neurotransmitter level cannot be achieved unless animals are treated with pargyline. On the other hand, this monitoring is feasible with in vivo dialysis. Therefore, electrochemical techniques, on the one hand, and in vivo dialysis, on the other hand, present different advantages. The former are much more potent than the latter in two respects. First, due to the much smaller size of the sensor, electrochemical techniques are more suitable for studying small brain nuclei. Second, since electrochemical techniques exhibit a better temporal resolution, they are recommended for investigating the relationship between impulse flow and neurotransmitter release. However, when high anatomical or temporal resolution is not required, in vivo dialysis is more suitable for recording the basal monoamine release.

[1]  Michel Jouvet,et al.  In vivo electrochemical detection of catechols in the neostriatum of anaesthetized rats: dopamine or DOPAC? , 1980, Nature.

[2]  F. Gonon,et al.  Electrochemical treatment of pyrolytic carbon fiber electrodes , 1981 .

[3]  F. Gonon,et al.  Differential pulse voltammetry in brain tissue. II. Detection of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in the rat striatum , 1981, Brain Research.

[4]  F. Gonon,et al.  Catecholamine Metabolism in Locus Coeruleus Neurons: A Study of its Activation by Sciatic Nerve Stimulation in the Rat , 1991, The European journal of neuroscience.

[5]  R. Wightman,et al.  Direct in vivo monitoring of dopamine released from two striatal compartments in the rat. , 1983, Science.

[6]  L. Quintin,et al.  Changes in catecholamine metabolism in the rostral ventrolateral medulla following halothane and nitroprusside-induced hypotension: an in vivo electrochemical study , 1990, Brain Research.

[7]  F. Gonon,et al.  In Vivo Voltammetric Monitoring of Catecholamine Metabolism in the A1 and A2 Regions of the Rat Medulla Oblongata , 1986, Journal of neurochemistry.

[8]  K. Chergui,et al.  Relationship between dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens and the discharge activity of dopaminergic neurons during local in vivo application of amino acids in the ventral tegmental area , 1992, Neuroscience.

[9]  F. Gonon,et al.  Differential pulse voltammetry in brain tissue. I. Detection of 5-hydroxyindoles in the rat striatum , 1981, Brain Research.

[10]  B. Scatton,et al.  Differential Effects of Forced Locomotion, Tail‐Pinch, Immobilization, and Methyl‐β‐Carboline Carboxylate on Extracellular 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid Levels in the Rat Striatum, Nucleus Accumbens, and Prefrontal Cortex: An In Vivo Voltammetric Study , 1990, Journal of neurochemistry.

[11]  J. Lachuer,et al.  Hemorrhage‐Induced Activations of Adrenocorticotropin Release and Catecholamine Metabolism in the Ventrolateral Medulla are Differently Affected by Glucocorticoid Feedback , 1992, Journal of neuroendocrinology.

[12]  F. Gonon,et al.  Clonidine modulates locus coeruleus metabolic hyperactivity induced by stress in behaving rats , 1986, Brain Research.

[13]  F. Gonon,et al.  Electrically evoked noradrenaline release in the rat hypothalamic para ventricular nucleus studied by in vivo electrochemistry: Characterization and facilitation by increasing the stimulation frequency , 1990, Neuroscience.

[14]  F. Gonon,et al.  Effect of haloperidol and sulpiride on dopamine metabolism in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle: A study by in vivo voltammetry , 1985, Neuroscience.

[15]  L. Quintin,et al.  Variations in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration are correlated to single cell firing changes in the rat locus coeruleus , 1986, Neuroscience.

[16]  F. Gonon,et al.  In vivo electrochemical detection of catechols in several dopaminergic brain regions of anaesthetized rats. , 1981, European journal of pharmacology.

[17]  Werner G. Kuhr,et al.  Real-time measurement of dopamine release in rat brain , 1986, Brain Research.

[18]  F. Gonon,et al.  In vivo monitoring of dopamine release in the rat brain with differential normal pulse voltammetry. , 1984, Analytical chemistry.

[19]  F. Gonon.  Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow and dopamine released by rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons as studied by in vivo electrochemistry , 1988, Neuroscience.

[20]  J. Stamford,et al.  The influence of stimulus parameters on the potentiation of striatal dopamine release by metoclopramide: in vivo voltammetric data. , 1986, European journal of pharmacology.

[21]  F. Gonon,et al.  Fast in vivo monitoring of electrically evoked dopamine release by differential pulse amperometry with untreated carbon fibre electrodes , 1992, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[22]  P. Waldmeier,et al.  Negative feedback control of serotonin release in vivo: Comparison of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid levels measured by voltammetry in conscious rats and by biochemical techniques , 1984, Neuroscience.

[23]  Jonathan A. Stamford,et al.  In vivo voltammetry: Some methodological considerations , 1986, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[24]  B. Renaud,et al.  In vivo voltammetry in the B3 group of serotonin neurons of the rat medulla oblongata after drug-induced modifications of arterial pressure. , 1988, Life sciences.

[25]  R. Wightman,et al.  Amphetamine attenuates the stimulated release of dopamine in vivo. , 1985, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[26]  F. Gonon,et al.  Presynaptic autoinhibition of the electrically evoked dopamine release studied in the rat olfactory tubercle byin vivo electrochemistry , 1991, Neuroscience.

[27]  C. A. Marsden,et al.  In vivo voltammetry—Present electrodes and methods , 1988, Neuroscience.

[28]  J. Besson,et al.  Morphine increases 5-HT metabolism in the nucleus raphe magnus: an in vivo study in freely moving rats using 5-hydroxyindole electrochemical detection , 1988, Brain Research.

[29]  F. Gonon,et al.  Ether stress stimulates noradrenaline release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. , 1988, Neuroendocrinology.

[30]  F. Gonon,et al.  Electrically evoked noradrenaline release in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus studied by in vivo electrochemistry: Autoregulation by alpha-2 receptors , 1990, Neuroscience.

[31]  J. Pujol,et al.  Pharmacological and functional evidence for extracellular 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid as an index of metabolic activity of the adrenergic neurons: An in vivo voltammetry study in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla , 1990, Neuroscience.

[32]  F. Gonon,et al.  Pharmacology of electrically evoked dopamine release studied in the rat olfactory tubercle by in vivo electrochemistry. , 1989, European journal of pharmacology.

[33]  F. Gonon,et al.  Regulation of dopamine release by impulse flow and by autoreceptors as studied by in vivo voltammetry in the rat striatum , 1985, Neuroscience.

[34]  J. Besson,et al.  In vivo electrochemical detection of 5-hydroxyindoles in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: the contribution of uric acid to the voltammograms , 1987, Brain Research.

[35]  F. Gonon,et al.  Catecholamine metabolism in the rat locus coeruleus as studied by in vivo differential pulse voltammetry. II. Pharmacological and behavioral study , 1983, Brain Research.

[36]  G. Mabbott,et al.  A pyrolytic carbon film electrode , 1978 .

[37]  R. Adams,et al.  Probing brain chemistry with electroanalytical techniques. , 1976, Analytical chemistry.

[38]  M. Le Moal,et al.  Differential reactivity of dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens in response to different behavioral situations. An in vivo voltammetric study in free moving rats , 1986, Brain Research.

[39]  F. Gonon,et al.  In vivo voltammetric monitoring of noradrenaline release and catecholamine metabolism in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus , 1986, Neuroscience.

[40]  F. Gonon,et al.  In vivo noradrenaline release evoked in the anteroventral thalamic nucleus by locus coeruleus activation: An electrochemical study , 1993, Neuroscience.

[41]  M. D. Simoni,et al.  Functional meaning of tryptophan-induced increase of 5-HT metabolism as clarified by in vivo voltammetry , 1987, Brain Research.

[42]  F. Gonon,et al.  Stimulation of catecholaminergic neurons in the ventral medulla by various stressors monitored with in vivo electrochemistry , 1991, Brain Research.

[43]  F. Gonon,et al.  Fast in vivo monitoring of dopamine release in the rat brain with differential pulse amperometry. , 1985, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  J. Besson,et al.  In vivo electrochemical detection of 5-hydroxyindole within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of freely moving rats: the effect of morphine , 1988, Brain Research.

[45]  B. Scatton,et al.  Stressful environmental stimuli increase extracellular DOPAC levels in the prefrontal cortex of hypoemotional (Roman high-avoidance) but not hyperemotional (Roman low-avoidance) rats. An in vivo voltammetric study , 1988, Brain Research.

[46]  J. Surmann,et al.  Pyrolytic carbon film electrodes , 1993 .

[47]  L. Ory-Lavollée,et al.  Differential pulse voltammetry in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of the anesthetized rat: Are the voltammograms related to 5-HT and/or to 5-HIAA? , 1983, Brain Research.

[48]  F. Gonon,et al.  Catecholamine metabolism in the rat locus coeruleus as studied by in vivo differential pulse voltammetry. I. Nature and origin of contributors to the oxidation current at +0.1v , 1983, Brain Research.