Satellite Remote Sensing Signatures of the Major Baltic Inflows

The exchange of water between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea includes three main components. These are: 1) outflow of the low-salinity Baltic Sea water into the North Sea due to the surplus freshwater input from rivers and net precipitation; 2) episodic inflows forced by the baroclinic pressure gradient linked to the salinity difference between the Kattegat (34) and the Arkona Basin (8); 3) occasional barotropic inflows occurring when the sea level difference between the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea becomes large. When these sporadic inflows exceed 100 km3 of water they are classified as the Major Baltic Inflows (MBIs). The MBIs but have a fundamental influence on the state of the Baltic Sea, including the stratification of waters and conditions for life, particularly in the deep basins.

[1]  P. Alenius,et al.  Propagation of Impact of the Recent Major Baltic Inflows From the Eastern Gotland Basin to the Gulf of Finland , 2018, Front. Mar. Sci..

[2]  Gary T. Mitchum,et al.  Estimating Mean Sea Level Change from the TOPEX and Jason Altimeter Missions , 2010 .

[3]  U. Gräwe,et al.  Anatomizing one of the largest saltwater inflows into the Baltic Sea in December 2014 , 2015 .

[4]  D. Nehring,et al.  The Baltic Sea in 1995— Beginning of a new stagnation period in its central deep waters and decreasing nutrient load in its surface layer , 1995 .

[5]  W. Matthäus,et al.  The Recent Salt Inflow into the Baltic Sea , 1995 .

[6]  L. Arneborg,et al.  Dynamics of Rotating Shallow Gravity Currents Passing through a Channel. Part I: Observation of Transverse Structure , 2009 .

[7]  Rainer Feistel,et al.  Temporal and spatial evolution of the Baltic deep water renewal in spring 2003 , 2003 .

[8]  J. Piechura,et al.  Inflow waters in the deep regions of the southern Baltic Sea - transport and transformations (corrected version) , 2003 .

[9]  R. Prien,et al.  Deepwater dynamics and mixing processes during a major inflow event in the central Baltic Sea , 2017 .

[10]  J. Thepaut,et al.  The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system , 2011 .

[11]  M. Stramska,et al.  Seasonal variability in the Baltic Sea level , 2013 .

[12]  R. Feistel,et al.  Vertical mixing in the Baltic Sea and consequences for eutrophication - A review , 2009 .

[13]  Berit Arheimer,et al.  E-HypeWeb: Service for Water and Climate Information - and Future Hydrological Collaboration across Europe? , 2011, ISESS.

[14]  Biao Zhang,et al.  Investigation of sea level variability in the Baltic Sea from tide gauge, satellite altimeter data, and model reanalysis , 2015 .

[15]  M. Stramska.  Temporal variability of the Baltic Sea level based on satellite observations , 2013 .

[16]  Xiaofeng Li,et al.  Spatio-Temporal Variability of Annual Sea Level Cycle in the Baltic Sea , 2018, Remote. Sens..

[17]  J. Sellschopp,et al.  Direct observations of a medium-intensity inflow into the Baltic Sea , 2006 .

[18]  Daniel Rak.  The inflow in the Baltic Proper as recorded in January–February 2015 , 2016 .

[19]  W. Matthäus,et al.  On the causes of major Baltic inflows —an analysis of long time series , 1998 .

[20]  Berit Arheimer,et al.  Using flow signatures and catchment similarities to evaluate the E-HYPE multi-basin model across Europe , 2016 .

[21]  U. Gräwe,et al.  Fresh oxygen for the Baltic Sea — An exceptional saline inflow after a decade of stagnation , 2015 .

[22]  C. Wunsch,et al.  Atmospheric loading and the oceanic “inverted barometer” effect , 1997 .

[23]  V. Mohrholz.  Major Baltic Inflow Statistics – Revised , 2018, Front. Mar. Sci..

[24]  T. Neumann,et al.  On the importance of Major Baltic Inflows for oxygenation of the central Baltic Sea , 2017 .

[25]  A. Stigebrandt,et al.  Dynamics of nutrients and oxygen/hydrogen sulfide in the Baltic Sea deep water , 2007 .

[26]  W. Matthäus,et al.  Characteristics of major Baltic inflows—a statistical analysis , 1992 .

[27]  Jérôme Benveniste,et al.  Annual sea level variability of the coastal ocean: The Baltic Sea‐North Sea transition zone , 2015 .

[28]  R. Feistel,et al.  Unusual Baltic inflow activity in 2002-2003 and varying deep-water properties , 2006 .