Disclosing harmful medical errors to patients.

Historically, fear of malpractice litigation made clinicians cautious about informing patients when they made mistakes in their care. This article reviews recent efforts by regulators, hospitals, accreditation organizations, and legislators to encourage and facilitate discussions between health care providers and patients when patients are harmed by medical errors.

[1]  J. Banja,et al.  The Sorry Works! Coalition: making the case for full disclosure. , 2006, Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety.

[2]  L. Snyder,et al.  Ethics manual: fifth edition. , 2005, Annals of internal medicine.

[3]  C. Vincent,et al.  Adverse events in British hospitals: preliminary retrospective record review , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[4]  A. Wu,et al.  Handling Hospital Errors: Is Disclosure the Best Defense? , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[5]  S. Miles Wall of Silence: The Untold Story of the Medical Mistakes That Kill and Injure Millions of Americans , 2003 .

[6]  F A Sloan,et al.  Factors that prompted families to file medical malpractice claims following perinatal injuries. , 1992, JAMA.

[7]  B. Pedersen,et al.  [Incidence of adverse events in hospitals. A retrospective study of medical records]. , 2001, Ugeskrift for laeger.

[8]  M. Young,et al.  Why do people sue doctors? A study of patients and relatives taking legal action , 1994, The Lancet.

[9]  William McDonnell,et al.  Narrative Review: Do State Laws Make It Easier to Say I'm Sorry? , 2008, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[10]  S. Kraman,et al.  Risk Management: Extreme Honesty May Be the Best Policy , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[11]  R. Arnold,et al.  Role of the ethics committee: helping to address value conflicts or uncertainties. , 2008, Chest.

[12]  D. Bakhurst On lying and deceiving. , 1992, Journal of medical ethics.

[13]  S. Sheps,et al.  The Canadian Adverse Events Study: the incidence of adverse events among hospital patients in Canada , 2004, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[14]  Victoria Fraser,et al.  Reporting and disclosing medical errors: pediatricians' attitudes and behaviors. , 2007, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[15]  John P. Mullooly,et al.  Physician-Patient Communication: The Relationship With Malpractice Claims Among Primary Care Physicians and Surgeons , 1997 .

[16]  E. Ackermann The Quality in Australian Health Care Study. , 1996, The Medical journal of Australia.

[17]  Regina M. Benjamin,et al.  Report of the American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs: Withholding Information from Patients: Rethinking the Propriety of “Therapeutic Privilege” , 2006, The Journal of Clinical Ethics.

[18]  Deric M. Park,et al.  How do patients want physicians to handle mistakes? A survey of internal medicine patients in an academic setting. , 1996, Archives of internal medicine.

[19]  W. Levinson,et al.  Disclosing harmful medical errors to patients: a time for professional action. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[20]  Wendy Levinson,et al.  Patients' and physicians' attitudes regarding the disclosure of medical errors. , 2003, JAMA.

[21]  C. Dyer AHA's reform vision. Implications for health care information and management systems. , 1992, Healthcare information management : journal of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society of the American Hospital Association.

[22]  G. J. Annas Informed consent, cancer, and truth in prognosis. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[23]  Chris Brown Kant and therapeutic privilege. , 2008, The Journal of medicine and philosophy.

[24]  P. Davis,et al.  Adverse events in New Zealand public hospitals I: occurrence and impact. , 2002, The New Zealand medical journal.

[25]  Paul S. Appelbaum,et al.  Informed Consent: Legal Theory and Clinical Practice , 1987 .

[26]  C. Vincent Understanding and responding to adverse events. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  T. Brennan,et al.  Incidence and types of adverse events and negligent care in Utah and Colorado. , 2000, Medical care.

[28]  S. Powell When things go wrong: responding to adverse events: a consensus statement of the Harvard hospitals. , 2006, Lippincott's case management : managing the process of patient care.

[29]  B. Cassileth,et al.  Information and participation preferences among cancer patients. , 1980, Annals of internal medicine.

[30]  T. Brennan,et al.  Hospital disclosure practices: results of a national survey. , 2003, Health affairs.

[31]  T. Gallagher,et al.  Should We Disclose Harmful Medical Errors to Patients? If So, How? , 2005 .

[32]  Eric Schneider,et al.  Views of practicing physicians and the public on medical errors. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[33]  T. Brennan,et al.  INCIDENCE OF ADVERSE EVENTS AND NEGLIGENCE IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS , 2008 .

[34]  W. Levinson,et al.  Choosing your words carefully: how physicians would disclose harmful medical errors to patients. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[35]  Marvin C. Alkin,et al.  What Have We Learned? , 2019, Stumbling Blocks Against Unification.

[36]  J. Gurwitz,et al.  Communicating with patients about medical errors: a review of the literature. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[37]  Joann L. Baril,et al.  Disclosure of medical errors , 2006, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[38]  W. Levinson,et al.  US and Canadian physicians' attitudes and experiences regarding disclosing errors to patients. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[39]  B. Obama,et al.  Making patient safety the centerpiece of medical liability reform. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  K. Shojania,et al.  The Many Faces of Error Disclosure: A Common Set of Elements and a Definition , 2007, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[41]  David M Studdert,et al.  Disclosure of medical injury to patients: an improbable risk management strategy. , 2007, Health affairs.

[42]  D. Studdert,et al.  Accountability sought by patients following adverse events from medical care: the New Zealand experience , 2006, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[43]  A. Lazare Apology in medical practice: an emerging clinical skill. , 2006, JAMA.

[44]  J. Gurwitz,et al.  Health Plan Members' Views about Disclosure of Medical Errors , 2004, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[45]  Marlynn H Wei Doctors, apologies, and the law: an analysis and critique of apology laws. , 2007, Journal of health law.