Heavy metals and inflammatory, oxidative/antioxidant and DNA damage biomarkers among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Niger Delta, Nigeria

This study evaluated the association of heavy metals (HMs) and effect biomarkers (inflammation, oxidative stress/antioxidant capacity and DNA damage) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PHWHA) in Niger Delta area, Nigeria. Blood levels of lead (BPb), cadmium (BCd), copper (BCu), zinc (BZn), iron (BFe), C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were determined in a total of 185 participants, 104 HIV-positive and 81 HIV-negative sampled in both Niger Delta and non-Niger Delta regions. BCd (p < 0.001) and BPb (p = 0.139) were higher in HIV-positive subjects compared to HIV-negative controls; on the contrary, BCu, BZn and BFe levels were lower (p < 0.001) in HIV-positive subjects compared to HIV-negative controls. The Niger Delta population had higher levels of heavy metals (p < 0.01) compared to non-Niger Delta residents. CRP and 8-OHdG were higher (p < 0.001) in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative subjects and in Niger-Delta than in non-Niger Delta residents. BCu had significant positive dose-response relationship with CRP (61.9%, p = 0.063) and GSH (1.64%, p = 0.035) levels in HIV-positive subjects, and negative response with MDA levels (26.6%, p < 0.001). Periodic assessment of HMs levels among PLWHA is recommended.

[1]  Abu Montakim Tareq,et al.  Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity , 2022, Journal of King Saud University - Science.

[2]  K. Techato,et al.  Assessment of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils and Plant (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria , 2021, Agriculture.

[3]  B. Bocca,et al.  Arsenic and toxic metals in meat and fish consumed in Niger delta, Nigeria: Employing the margin of exposure approach in human health risk assessment. , 2021, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[4]  B. Bocca,et al.  Human dietary exposure to metals in the Niger delta region, Nigeria: Health risk assessment. , 2021, Environmental research.

[5]  Yang Liu,et al.  Human biomonitoring of toxic and essential metals in younger elderly, octogenarians, nonagenarians and centenarians: Analysis of the Healthy Ageing and Biomarkers Cohort Study (HABCS) in China. , 2021, Environment international.

[6]  B. Bocca,et al.  Toxic Metals and Non-Communicable Diseases in HIV Population: A Systematic Review , 2021, Medicina.

[7]  Z. Tahergorabi,et al.  Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic , 2021, Frontiers in Pharmacology.

[8]  A. Matheu,et al.  Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency , 2021, Scientific Reports.

[9]   . I. Chijioke- Nwauche,et al.  Body Burden of Lead, Cadmium and Vanadium among HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Drugs in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta, Nigeria , 2020 .

[10]  G. Matt,et al.  Tobacco smoke is a likely source of lead and cadmium in settled house dust , 2020, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements.

[11]  Renald Blundell,et al.  Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans , 2020, Heliyon.

[12]  M. Mildner,et al.  Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model , 2020, Scientific Reports.

[13]  F. Hu,et al.  Multiple plasma metals, genetic risk and serum C-reactive protein: A metal-metal and gene-metal interaction study , 2019, Redox biology.

[14]  Junhong Han,et al.  Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials , 2019, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.

[15]  O. A. Ekpete,et al.  Exposure to Heavy Metals in Soot Samples and Cancer Risk Assessment in Port Harcourt, Nigeria , 2019, Journal of health & pollution.

[16]  S. Mancinelli,et al.  Non communicable diseases burden and risk factors in a cohort of HIV+ elderly patients in Malawi. , 2019, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

[17]  I. Uchendu,et al.  Mitochondrial and Oxidative Impacts of Short and Long-term Administration of HAART on HIV Patients , 2019, Current clinical pharmacology.

[18]  L. Faccioli,et al.  Effects of natural aging and gender on pro-inflammatory markers , 2019, Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas.

[19]  G. Krasnov,et al.  ROS Generation and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Normal and Malignant Cells , 2019, Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity.

[20]  M. Dahiru,et al.  Status of malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels/activities in schoolchildren with iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia of Kashere and its environs in Gombe State, Nigeria , 2019, Heliyon.

[21]  A. M. Raut,et al.  Study of interaction of cigarette smoke with thiol (-SH) group of sulfhydryl proteins in smokers , 2019, International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research.

[22]  O. Orisakwe,et al.  Heavy Metal Mixture Exposure and Effects in Developing Nations: An Update , 2018, Toxics.

[23]  C. Rappleye,et al.  Macrophage activation by IFN-γ triggers restriction of phagosomal copper from intracellular pathogens , 2018, PLoS pathogens.

[24]  P. Peterson,et al.  Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases , 2018, Ageing Research Reviews.

[25]  C. Demir,et al.  Determination of oxidative stress levels and some antioxidant enzyme activities in prostate cancer , 2018, The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male.

[26]  A. Njan,et al.  A Review of Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops in Nigeria , 2018, Annals of global health.

[27]  E. Chinedu,et al.  Oil Spillage and Heavy Metals Toxicity Risk in the Niger Delta, Nigeria , 2018, Journal of health & pollution.

[28]  Raimi Morufu Olalekan,et al.  Health Risk Assessment on Heavy Metals Ingestion through Groundwater Drinking Pathway for Residents in an Oil and Gas Producing Area of Rivers State, Nigeria , 2018 .

[29]  Mathias Abiodun Emokpae,et al.  Blood levels of some toxic metals in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1- infection , 2018, Annals of Health Research.

[30]  Y. Koyanagi,et al.  Type I Interferon Responses by HIV-1 Infection: Association with Disease Progression and Control , 2018, Front. Immunol..

[31]  J. G. Ray,et al.  Toxic heavy metals in human blood in relation to certain food and environmental samples in Kerala, South India , 2018, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[32]  J. Sartohadi,et al.  New Approach to Soil Formation in the Transitional Landscape Zone: Weathering and Alteration of Parent Rocks , 2018 .

[33]  P. Richter,et al.  Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities , 2017, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[34]  M. Libra,et al.  Immunological effects of occupational exposure to lead (Review). , 2017, Molecular medicine reports.

[35]  Ruei-Hao Shie,et al.  Linking sources to early effects by profiling urine metabolome of residents living near oil refineries and coal-fired power plants. , 2017, Environment international.

[36]  Letian Zhao,et al.  A Preliminary Study about the Potential Effects of Heavy Metals on the Human Male Reproductive Parameters in HIV-Infected Population in China , 2017, Biological Trace Element Research.

[37]  Jie Xu,et al.  DNA methyltransferases and their roles in tumorigenesis , 2017, Biomarker Research.

[38]  Hui Hu,et al.  Body burden of heavy metals among HIV high risk population in USA. , 2017, Environmental pollution.

[39]  A. Jordão,et al.  Influence of HIV infection and the use of antiretroviral therapy on selenium and selenomethionine concentrations and antioxidant protection. , 2016, Nutrition.

[40]  B. Bartosch,et al.  Oxidative Stress during HIV Infection: Mechanisms and Consequences , 2016, Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity.

[41]  Mark D. Hoover,et al.  Use of the "Exposome" in the Practice of Epidemiology: A Primer on -Omic Technologies. , 2016, American journal of epidemiology.

[42]  J. Osei-Yeboah,et al.  Anaemia and Iron Homeostasis in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ghana , 2016, AIDS research and treatment.

[43]  Inho Choi,et al.  Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants , 2015, International journal of molecular sciences.

[44]  Martyn T. Smith,et al.  Using exposomics to assess cumulative risks and promote health , 2015, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[45]  Tilman Grune,et al.  Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress , 2015, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[46]  L. A. Alli Blood level of cadmium and lead in occupationally exposed persons in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria , 2015, Interdisciplinary toxicology.

[47]  E. Suhartono,et al.  Effect of Heavy Metal on Malondialdehyde and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Cencentration A Focus on Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury , 2015 .

[48]  B. Heidari,et al.  A linear relationship between serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein and hemoglobin in hemodialysis patients , 2015, Clinical and Experimental Nephrology.

[49]  William L. Crosson,et al.  The Public Health Exposome: A Population-Based, Exposure Science Approach to Health Disparities Research , 2014, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[50]  Toshio Tanaka,et al.  IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. , 2014, Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology.

[51]  C. Chow,et al.  Copper: toxicological relevance and mechanisms , 2014, Archives of Toxicology.

[52]  Yangho Kim,et al.  Sex-specific Profiles of Blood Metal Levels Associated with Metal–Iron Interactions , 2014, Safety and health at work.

[53]  F. Muratori,et al.  The Role of Heavy Metal Pollution in Neurobehavioral Disorders: a Focus on Autism , 2014 .

[54]  Yangho Kim,et al.  Iron deficiency increases blood lead levels in boys and pre-menarche girls surveyed in KNHANES 2010-2011. , 2014, Environmental research.

[55]  Yung-Chang Chen,et al.  Glutathione synthesis is compromised in erythrocytes from individuals with HIV , 2014, Front. Pharmacol..

[56]  Bin He,et al.  Health risks from the exposure of children to As, Se, Pb and other heavy metals near the largest coking plant in China. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[57]  R. Cook,et al.  Potential Health Impacts of Heavy Metals on HIV-Infected Population in USA , 2013, PloS one.

[58]  P. Vineis,et al.  Advancing the application of omics‐based biomarkers in environmental epidemiology , 2013, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[59]  G. Alemnji,et al.  Lipid Peroxidation and Total Cholesterol in HAART-Naïve Patients Infected with Circulating Recombinant Forms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 in Cameroon , 2013, PloS one.

[60]  B. Ordinioha,et al.  The human health implications of crude oil spills in the Niger delta, Nigeria: An interpretation of published studies , 2013, Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical Association.

[61]  C. Crainiceanu,et al.  Cadmium Exposure and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the U.S. General Population , 2012, Environmental health perspectives.

[62]  R. Martorell,et al.  Associations between Serum C-reactive Protein and Serum Zinc, Ferritin, and Copper in Guatemalan School Children , 2012, Biological Trace Element Research.

[63]  Yangho Kim,et al.  Iron deficiency is associated with increased levels of blood cadmium in the Korean general population: analysis of 2008-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. , 2012, Environmental research.

[64]  J. H. Lee,et al.  Effects of aging and menopause on serum interleukin-6 levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine production in healthy nonobese women , 2012, AGE.

[65]  M. Lodovici,et al.  Oxidative Stress and Air Pollution Exposure , 2011, Journal of toxicology.

[66]  D. Boulware,et al.  Higher levels of CRP, D-dimer, IL-6, and hyaluronic acid before initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with increased risk of AIDS or death. , 2011, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[67]  M. Valko,et al.  Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. , 2011, Toxicology.

[68]  D. Jacobs,et al.  Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. , 2010, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[69]  M. King,et al.  Serum immune activation markers are persistently increased in patients with HIV infection after 6 years of antiretroviral therapy despite suppression of viral replication and reconstitution of CD4+ T cells. , 2009, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[70]  Freedom C. Onuoha,et al.  Oil pipeline sabotage in Nigeria: Dimensions, actors and implications for national security , 2008 .

[71]  A. Tjønneland,et al.  Arsenic in Drinking-Water and Risk for Cancer in Denmark , 2007, Environmental health perspectives.

[72]  Thomas E. McKone,et al.  Using Biomarkers to Inform Cumulative Risk Assessment , 2007, Environmental health perspectives.

[73]  B. Lau,et al.  C-reactive protein is a marker for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[74]  Steffen Loft,et al.  Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by particulate air pollution. , 2005, Mutation research.

[75]  M. Garrick,et al.  Iron Imports. II. Iron uptake at the apical membrane in the intestine. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[76]  M. Schuhmacher,et al.  Trends in the Levels of Metals in Soils and Vegetation Samples Collected Near a Hazardous Waste Incinerator , 2005, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[77]  C. Costa,et al.  Zinc/copper imbalance reflects immune dysfunction in human leishmaniasis: an ex vivo and in vitro study , 2004, BMC infectious diseases.

[78]  Alan J. Taylor,et al.  Blood Lead Changes during Pregnancy and Postpartum with Calcium Supplementation , 2004, Environmental health perspectives.

[79]  S. Frøland,et al.  Disturbed glutathione metabolism and decreased antioxidant levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during highly active antiretroviral therapy--potential immunomodulatory effects of antioxidants. , 2003, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[80]  Paul M. Ridker,et al.  Prospective Study of C-Reactive Protein, Homocysteine, and Plasma Lipid Levels as Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death , 2002, Circulation.

[81]  F. J. Romero,et al.  Serum Malondialdehyde Correlates with Therapeutic Efficiency of High Activity Antiretroviral Therapies (HAART) in HIV-1 Infected Children , 2002, Free radical research.

[82]  O. Erel,et al.  Effects of tobacco smoking on plasma selenium, zinc, copper and iron concentrations and related antioxidative enzyme activities. , 2001, Clinical biochemistry.

[83]  J. Buring,et al.  Micronutrients and HIV‐1 disease progression , 1995, AIDS.

[84]  A. Sönnerborg,et al.  Increased production of malondialdehyde in patients with HIV infection. , 1988, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[85]  T. Kjellström,et al.  Cadmium exposure from smoking cigarettes: variations with time and country where purchased. , 1983, Environmental research.