Topological analysis of cloud service connectivity

Relying on services in the cloud involves high availability risks.We present a survey on cloud outages and causes.Furthermore, we analyze the network connectivity of cloud providers.Our approach is based on an empirical dataset of the Internet topology.This helps to identify providers that could suffer more from Internet outages. Relying on services in the cloud involves manifold availability risks and concerns. This article focuses on the network reachability of cloud services. We present a study on cloud outages and causes, and analyze the topological connectivity of major cloud service providers (CSPs) by graph-based measures. Our approach is based on the construction and integration of an empirical dataset describing the connections between Autonomous Systems (ASs) of organizations that form the Internet backbone. According to our findings, though the ASs of CSPs generally appear to be better connected than an average AS, they also vastly differ in several connectivity measures, sometimes by more than an order of magnitude. Our results help to identify well-connected CSPs and CSPs that could potentially suffer more from Internet outages, if no additional path redundancy is provided. Our approach can be used by CSPs to assess connectivity beyond their own premises. It can also support cloud service customers during benchmarking and selection of CSPs when high availability is a critical requirement.

[1]  Danny Dolev,et al.  Internet resiliency to attacks and failures under BGP policy routing , 2006, Comput. Networks.

[2]  Aric Hagberg,et al.  Exploring Network Structure, Dynamics, and Function using NetworkX , 2008, Proceedings of the Python in Science Conference.

[3]  Albert,et al.  Emergence of scaling in random networks , 1999, Science.

[4]  Albert Y. Zomaya,et al.  Trends and challenges in cloud datacenters , 2014, IEEE Cloud Computing.

[5]  Bernhard Plattner,et al.  k-Fault tolerance of the Internet AS graph , 2011, Comput. Networks.

[6]  Daniele Catteddu and Giles Hogben.  Cloud Computing. Benefits, risks and recommendations for information security , 2009 .

[7]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Cloudward bound: planning for beneficial migration of enterprise applications to the cloud , 2010, SIGCOMM 2010.

[8]  David Wetherall,et al.  Studying Black Holes in the Internet with Hubble , 2008, NSDI.

[9]  Benjamin Fabian,et al.  Collaborative and secure sharing of healthcare data in multi-clouds , 2015, Inf. Syst..

[10]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Interconnected Cloud Computing Environments , 2014, ACM Comput. Surv..

[11]  Benjamin Fabian,et al.  Who Runs the Internet? - Classifying Autonomous Systems into Industries , 2014, WEBIST.

[12]  P. Mell,et al.  The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing , 2011 .

[13]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  A framework for ranking of cloud computing services , 2013, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[14]  Stefan Savage,et al.  Measuring Online Service Availability Using Twitter , 2010, WOSN.

[15]  E. Calle,et al.  Robustness analysis of real network topologies under multiple failure scenarios , 2012, 2012 17th European Conference on Networks and Optical Communications.

[16]  Xiang-Yang Li,et al.  Ranking of Closeness Centrality for Large-Scale Social Networks , 2008, FAW.

[17]  Xiaowei Yang,et al.  CloudCmp: comparing public cloud providers , 2010, IMC '10.

[18]  Natalia Kryvinska,et al.  Conceptual Model of Business Services Availability vs. Interoperability on Collaborative IoT-enabled eBusiness Platforms , 2013, Internet of Things and Inter-cooperative Computational Technologies for Collective Intelligence.

[19]  Ali Sunyaev,et al.  Cloud Service Certifications: Measuring Consumers' Preferences For Assurances , 2013, ECIS.

[20]  Liang Zhu,et al.  The Need for End-to-End Evaluation of Cloud Availability , 2014, PAM.

[21]  Rami Rosen.  Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) , 2014 .

[22]  George Q. Huang,et al.  Cloud-enabled real-time platform for adaptive planning and control in auction logistics center , 2015, Comput. Ind. Eng..

[23]  Samee Ullah Khan,et al.  On the Connectivity of Data Center Networks , 2013, IEEE Communications Letters.

[24]  Rüdiger Zarnekow,et al.  Security and Privacy System Requirements for Adopting Cloud Computing in Healthcare Data Sharing Scenarios , 2013, AMCIS.

[25]  Mark E. J. Newman,et al.  The Structure and Function of Complex Networks , 2003, SIAM Rev..

[26]  Navendu Jain,et al.  Understanding network failures in data centers: measurement, analysis, and implications , 2011, SIGCOMM.

[27]  Eusebi Calle,et al.  Quantitative and qualitative network robustness analysis under different multiple failure scenarios , 2011, 2011 3rd International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT).

[28]  Hans J. Herrmann,et al.  Mitigation of malicious attacks on networks , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[29]  A. P. Santhakumaran,et al.  Center of a graph with respect to edges , 2010 .

[30]  Albert Y. Zomaya,et al.  On the Characterization of the Structural Robustness of Data Center Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing.

[31]  Chen-Nee Chuah,et al.  Characterization of Failures in an Operational IP Backbone Network , 2008, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[32]  Kishor S. Trivedi,et al.  Scalable Analytics for IaaS Cloud Availability , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing.

[33]  Benjamin Fabian,et al.  How Robust is the Internet? - Insights from Graph Analysis , 2014, CRiSIS.

[34]  Kazuo Iwama,et al.  CONNECTIVITY , 1996, Graph Theory and Its Applications.

[35]  Lei Shi,et al.  Dcell: a scalable and fault-tolerant network structure for data centers , 2008, SIGCOMM '08.

[36]  Christopher Oggerino.  High Availability Network Fundamentals: A Practical Guide to Predicting Network Availability , 2001 .

[37]  Phillip Bonacich,et al.  Eigenvector-like measures of centrality for asymmetric relations , 2001, Soc. Networks.

[38]  John S. Heidemann,et al.  Trinocular: understanding internet reliability through adaptive probing , 2013, SIGCOMM.

[39]  Ítalo S. Cunha,et al.  Predicting and tracking internet path changes , 2011, SIGCOMM.

[40]  Paul Erdös,et al.  On random graphs, I , 1959 .

[41]  Ethan Katz-Bassett,et al.  SPANStore: cost-effective geo-replicated storage spanning multiple cloud services , 2013, SOSP.

[42]  Yougu Yuan,et al.  Internet worms and global routing instabilities , 2002, SPIE ITCom.

[43]  Kang G. Shin,et al.  Internet routing resilience to failures: analysis and implications , 2007, CoNEXT '07.

[44]  Shi Xiao,et al.  Tolerance of intentional attacks in complex communication networks , 2008, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[45]  Nina Taft,et al.  Passive and Active Measurement , 2012, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[46]  Natalia Kryvinska,et al.  "Variated Availability" Approach to the Services Manageable Delivering , 2011, 2011 Fifth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing.

[47]  Daniele Catteddu,et al.  Cloud Computing: Benefits, Risks and Recommendations for Information Security , 2009 .

[48]  V. Kavitha,et al.  A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing , 2011, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[49]  Bernhard Plattner,et al.  Network resilience: a systematic approach , 2011, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[50]  Andrea Landherr,et al.  A Critical Review of Centrality Measures in Social Networks , 2010, Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng..

[51]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[52]  Ulrik Brandes,et al.  Network Analysis: Methodological Foundations , 2010 .

[53]  Dazhong Wu,et al.  Cloud manufacturing: Strategic vision and state-of-the-art☆ , 2013 .

[54]  Eytan Modiano,et al.  Network Reliability With Geographically Correlated Failures , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[55]  Navendu Jain,et al.  Understanding network failures in data centers , 2011, SIGCOMM 2011.

[56]  Benjamin Fabian,et al.  Secret Sharing for Health Data in Multi-provider Clouds , 2013, 2013 IEEE 15th Conference on Business Informatics.

[57]  David Hutchison,et al.  Resilience and survivability in communication networks: Strategies, principles, and survey of disciplines , 2010, Comput. Networks.

[58]  Priya Mahadevan,et al.  The internet AS-level topology: three data sources and one definitive metric , 2005, Comput. Commun. Rev..

[59]  V. Latora,et al.  Complex networks: Structure and dynamics , 2006 .

[60]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Cloudward bound: planning for beneficial migration of enterprise applications to the cloud , 2010, SIGCOMM '10.

[61]  Dmitri V. Krioukov,et al.  AS relationships: inference and validation , 2006, CCRV.

[62]  Robbert van Renesse,et al.  Routers for the Cloud: Can the Internet Achieve 5-Nines Availability? , 2011, IEEE Internet Computing.

[63]  Hakim Weatherspoon,et al.  RACS: a case for cloud storage diversity , 2010, SoCC '10.

[64]  Massimo Marchiori,et al.  Error and attacktolerance of complex network s , 2004 .

[65]  P. Bonacich.  Factoring and weighting approaches to status scores and clique identification , 1972 .

[66]  P. Mell,et al.  SP 800-145. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing , 2011 .

[67]  Leonard M. Freeman,et al.  A set of measures of centrality based upon betweenness , 1977 .