Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey and Future Perspectives

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The design of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for support the smart ITS. The key difference of VANET and MANET is the special mobility pattern and rapidly changeable topology. It is not effectively applied the existing routing protocols of MANETs into VANETs. In this investigation, we mainly survey new routing results in VANET. We introduce unicast protocol, multicast protocol, geocast protocol, mobicast protocol, and broadcast protocol. It is observed that carry-and-forward is the new and key consideration for designing all routing protocols in VANETs. With the consideration of multi-hop forwarding and carry-and-forward techniques, min-delay and delay-bounded routing protocols for VANETs are discussed in VANETs. Besides, the temporary network fragmentation problem and the broadcast storm problem are further considered for designing routing protocols in VANETs. The temporary network fragmentation problem caused by rapidly changeable topology influence on the performance of data transmissions. The broadcast storm problem seriously affects the successful rate of message delivery in VANETs. The key challenge is to overcome these problems to provide routing protocols with the low communication delay, the low communication overhead, and the low time complexity. The challenges and perspectives of routing protocols for VANETs are finally discussed.

[1]  Amit Kumar Saha,et al.  Modeling mobility for vehicular ad-hoc networks , 2004, VANET '04.

[2]  Hassan Artail,et al.  An interoperability model for supporting reliability and power-efficient routing in MANETs , 2009, Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput..

[3]  Ozan K. Tonguz,et al.  On the Broadcast Storm Problem in Ad hoc Wireless Networks , 2006, 2006 3rd International Conference on Broadband Communications, Networks and Systems.

[4]  Abdelmalik Bachir,et al.  A multicast protocol in ad hoc networks inter-vehicle geocast , 2003, The 57th IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC 2003-Spring..

[5]  Martin Mauve,et al.  Geographic routing in city scenarios , 2005, MOCO.

[6]  Ehssan Sakhaee,et al.  A Stable Routing Protocol to Support ITS Services in VANET Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[7]  Yuh-Shyan Chen,et al.  A Mobicast Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks , 2009, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[8]  R. Manoharan,et al.  Energy efficient Robust On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol for MANETs , 2008, Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput..

[9]  Norihiko Yoshida,et al.  Adaptive router promotion and group forming in ad-hoc networks , 2008, Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput..

[10]  Thomas R. Gross,et al.  Connectivity-Aware Routing (CAR) in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks , 2007, IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[11]  Agathoniki Trigoni,et al.  Delay-bounded routing in vehicular ad-hoc networks , 2008, MobiHoc '08.

[12]  Ashish Goel,et al.  Efficient computation of delay-sensitive routes from one source to all destinations , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[13]  Shinji Kusumoto,et al.  GVGrid: A QoS Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2006, 200614th IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service.

[14]  O. Tonguz,et al.  Broadcasting in VANET , 2007, 2007 Mobile Networking for Vehicular Environments.

[15]  Takayuki Warabino,et al.  Broadcast methods for inter-vehicle communications system , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005.

[16]  Jing Zhao,et al.  VADD: Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2008, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[17]  Maria Kihl,et al.  Distributed Robust Geocast Multicast Routing for Inter-Vehicle Communication , 2022, ArXiv.

[18]  Jing Zhao,et al.  VADD: Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2006, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[19]  Jian Tang,et al.  Reliable Routing for Roadside to Vehicle Communications in Rural Areas , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications.