Getting the right drug into the right patient

Pharmacogenomics will help explain why drugs work better in some patients than in others. These tools should be used as early in the drug development process as possible.

[1]  C. Dollery,et al.  HYDRALAZINE-INDUCED SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: INFLUENCE OF HLA-DR AND SEX ON SUSCEPTIBILITY , 1980, The Lancet.

[2]  B Waeber,et al.  Individual responses to converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonists. , 1988, Hypertension.

[3]  D. Evans,et al.  Human acetylator polymorphism: estimate of allele frequency in Libya and details of global distribution. , 1981, Journal of medical genetics.

[4]  L. Endrenyi,et al.  Ethnic difference in drug metabolism: debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation in Caucasians and Orientals. , 1980, Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.

[5]  J. Idle,et al.  POLYMORPHIC HYDROXYLATION OF DEBRISOQUINE IN MAN , 1977, The Lancet.

[6]  J. Bullerdiek,et al.  Isolation and Mapping of a Cosmid Clone Containing the Human NAT 2 Gene , 1994 .

[7]  G. Navis,et al.  Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and short-term renal response to ACE inhibition: role of sodium status. , 1997, Kidney international. Supplement.

[8]  D J Reda,et al.  Single-Drug Therapy for Hypertension in Men -- A Comparison of Six Antihypertensive Agents with Placebo , 1993 .

[9]  John Quackenbush,et al.  A nucleotide substitution in the promoter of human angiotensinogen is associated with essential hypertension and affects basal transcription in vitro. , 1997, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[10]  E. Murphy,et al.  ONE CAUSE?MANY CAUSES?THE ARGUMENT FROM THE BIMODAL DISTRIBUTION. , 1964, Journal of chronic diseases.

[11]  D. de Zeeuw,et al.  ACE polymorphism does not determine short-term renal response to ACE-inhibition in proteinuric patients. , 1997, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[12]  Arya M. Sharma,et al.  Association of a human G-protein β3 subunit variant with hypertension , 1998, Nature Genetics.

[13]  B. Keavney,et al.  Prediction of patient responses to antihypertensive drugs using genetic polymorphisms: investigation of renin-angiotensin system genes. , 1996, Journal of hypertension.

[14]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. , 1996, Pharmacogenetics.

[15]  K. Jamerson,et al.  The impact of ethnicity on response to antihypertensive therapy. , 1996, The American journal of medicine.

[16]  M. Ishida,et al.  Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and salt sensitivity in essential hypertension. , 1996, Hypertension.

[17]  G. Kajiyama,et al.  Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and acute response to captopril in essential hypertension. , 1997, American journal of hypertension.

[18]  A. Odén,et al.  A 5‐year prospective, observational study of the withdrawal of antihypertensive treatment in elderly people , 1994, Journal of internal medicine.

[19]  M. Ingelman-Sundberg,et al.  Analysis of the CYP2D6 gene in relation to debrisoquin and desipramine hydroxylation in a Swedish population , 1992, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[20]  J. Poirier,et al.  Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Gender Influence Response to Tacrine Therapy a , 1996, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[21]  Y. Seedat Varying responses to hypotensive agents in different racial groups: black versus white differences. , 1989, Journal of hypertension.

[22]  H. Perry Late toxicity to hydralazine resembling systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. , 1973, The American journal of medicine.

[23]  M. Lennard,et al.  Defective metabolism of metoprolol in poor hydroxylators of debrisoquine. , 1982, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[24]  Individualizing antihypertensive therapy with enalapril versus atenolol: the Zurich experience. , 1990, Journal of hypertension. Supplement : official journal of the International Society of Hypertension.

[25]  J. Laragh,et al.  Diagnosis Ex Juvantibus Individual Response Patterns to Drugs Reveal Hypertension Mechanisms and Simplify Treatment , 1988, Hypertension.

[26]  T. Ludden,et al.  Plasma Concentration and Acetylator Phenotype Determine Response to Oral Hydralazine , 1981, Hypertension.

[27]  P. Meredith,et al.  Initial blood pressure as a predictor of the response to antihypertensive therapy. , 1988, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[28]  P Corvol,et al.  An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. , 1990, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[29]  G. Alván,et al.  HIGH PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF β-RECEPTOR BLOCKING DRUGS AND DEFICIENT DEBRISOQUINE HYDROXYLATION , 1982, The Lancet.

[30]  D. Nebert,et al.  Characterization of the common genetic defect in humans deficient in debrisoquine metabolism , 1988, Nature.

[31]  J. Laragh,et al.  Renin system analysis: a rational method for the diagnosis and treatment of the individual patient with hypertension. , 1998, American journal of hypertension.

[32]  A. Motulsky Drug reactions enzymes, and biochemical genetics. , 1957, Journal of the American Medical Association.

[33]  Hall Wd Pharmacologic therapy of hypertension in blacks. , 1987 .

[34]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Genetics of red cell COMT activity: analysis of thermal stability and family data. , 1981, American journal of medical genetics.

[35]  E. Boerwinkle,et al.  Linkage and association of adrenergic and dopamine receptor genes in the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 5 with systolic blood pressure variation. , 1998, Human molecular genetics.

[36]  R. Prough,et al.  Pharmacogenetics: a laboratory tool for optimizing therapeutic efficiency. , 1997, Clinical chemistry.

[37]  A Lyall Bioinformatics in the pharmaceutical industry. , 1996, Trends in biotechnology.

[38]  Predicting interindividual variations in antihypertensive therapy: the role of sodium transport systems and renin. , 1990, Journal of hypertension. Supplement : official journal of the International Society of Hypertension.

[39]  D. Beevers,et al.  RELATION BETWEEN INITIAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND ITS FALL WITH TREATMENT , 1985, The Lancet.

[40]  J. Laragh,et al.  An angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor to identify and treat vasoconstrictor and volume factors in hypertensive patients. , 1974, The New England journal of medicine.

[41]  P. Erne,et al.  Renin profiling to select antihypertensive baseline drugs. Renin inhibitors for high-renin and calcium entry blockers for low-renin patients. , 1984, The American journal of medicine.

[42]  F. Collins,et al.  Positional cloning: Let's not call it reverse anymore , 1992, Nature Genetics.

[43]  L. Ramsay,et al.  Relation between changes in blood pressure and serum ACE activity after a single dose of enalapril and ACE genotype in healthy subjects. , 1995, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[44]  E. Freis,et al.  Comparison of propranolol or hydrochlorothiazide alone for treatment of hypertension. III. Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system. , 1983, The American journal of medicine.

[45]  Cristina Barlassina,et al.  Polymorphisms of α-adducin and salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension , 1997, The Lancet.

[46]  D. Reda,et al.  Department of veterans Affairs single-drug therapy of hypertension study. Revised figures and new data. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. , 1995, American journal of hypertension.

[47]  G. Tucker,et al.  Oxidation phenotype--a major determinant of metoprolol metabolism and response. , 1982, The New England journal of medicine.

[48]  T. Inenaga,et al.  The association between salt sensitivity of blood pressure and some polymorphic factors , 1994, Journal of hypertension.

[49]  H. Scheffer,et al.  Association between angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism and failure of renoprotective therapy , 1996, The Lancet.

[50]  H. Hemmi,et al.  Renal hemodynamic changes induced by captopril and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. , 1997, Nephron.

[51]  N. Cook,et al.  Angiotensinogen genotype, sodium reduction, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension: trials of hypertension prevention, phase II. , 1998, Hypertension.

[52]  D. Reda,et al.  Age-Race Subgroup Compared With Renin Profile as Predictors of Blood Pressure Response to Antihypertensive Therapy , 1998 .

[53]  J. Laragh,et al.  Renin system activity as a determinant of response to treatment in hypertension and heart failure. , 1983, Hypertension.

[54]  T. Drüeke,et al.  A comprehensive review of the salt and blood pressure relationship. , 1992, American journal of hypertension.

[55]  E. Imai,et al.  Association of angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism with susceptibility to antiproteinuric effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with proteinuria. , 1995, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[56]  F. Cambien,et al.  Influence of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism on the effects of perindopril and nitrendipine on arterial stiffness in hypertensive individuals. , 1996, Hypertension.

[57]  Y. Kawakami,et al.  Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and susceptibility to cough. , 1994, Lancet.

[58]  P. White,et al.  Inherited forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. , 1996, Hypertension.

[59]  N. Kaplan Critical comments on recent literature. Age and the response to antihypertensive drugs. , 1989, American journal of hypertension.

[60]  C. Nusbaum,et al.  Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. , 1998, Science.

[61]  Francis S. Collins,et al.  Positional cloning moves from perditional to traditional , 1995, Nature Genetics.

[62]  G. Waeber,et al.  Comparison of betaxolol with verapamil in hypertensive patients: discrepancy between office and ambulatory blood pressures. , 1988, Journal of hypertension.

[63]  Leonid Kruglyak,et al.  The use of a genetic map of biallelic markers in linkage studies , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[64]  P. Amouyel,et al.  APOE genotyping and response to drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease , 1997, The Lancet.

[65]  A. Hingorani,et al.  Renin‐angiotensin system gene polymorphisms influence blood pressure and the response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition , 1995, Journal of hypertension.

[66]  M. Ingelman-Sundberg,et al.  Inherited amplification of an active gene in the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus as a cause of ultrarapid metabolism of debrisoquine. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[67]  S. Gauthier,et al.  Apolipoprotein E4 allele as a predictor of cholinergic deficits and treatment outcome in Alzheimer disease. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[68]  S. Ito,et al.  Relationship between the angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the effects of enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy and impaired diastolic filling in essential hypertension: M-mode and pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies , 1996, Journal of hypertension.

[69]  G. Ravera,et al.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and reversibility of uremic left ventricular hypertrophy following long-term antihypertensive therapy. , 1998, Kidney international.

[70]  P. Amouyel,et al.  Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with an Increased Vascular Reactivity in the Human Mammary Artery in vitro , 1998, Journal of Vascular Research.