Women ’ s economic empowerment and inclusive growth : labour markets and enterprise development

This paper is one of a series of reports supported by the UK " s Department for International Development (DFID) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). However, the views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of IDRC, its Board of Governors, or DFID.

[1]  N. Kabeer.  Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders , 2003 .

[2]  S. Barrientos,et al.  Do workers benefit from ethical trade? Assessing codes of labour practice in global production systems , 2007 .

[3]  W. Maloney,et al.  Informality Revisited , 2003 .

[4]  S. Razavi.  The Gendered Impacts of Liberalization : Towards "Embedded Liberalism"? , 2009 .

[5]  Joseph E. Stiglitz,et al.  Microfinance and Missing Markets , 2007, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique.

[6]  C. Lane,et al.  The Private Regulation of Labour Standards and Rights in the Global Clothing Industry: An Evaluation of Its Effectiveness in Two Developing Countries , 2011 .

[7]  Does doing an apprenticeship pay off , 2008 .

[8]  C. Dolan.  The 'Good Wife': Struggles over Resources in the Kenyan Horticultural Sector , 2001 .

[9]  K. Arrow.  The Theory of Discrimination , 1971 .

[10]  R. Anker,et al.  Why Third World urban employers usually prefer men. , 1985, International labour review.

[11]  Eli Ginzberg,et al.  Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs , 1979 .

[12]  R. Sudarshan.  India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: women's participation and impacts in Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Rajasthan , 2011 .

[13]  R. Meinzen-Dick,et al.  Gender and collective action: motivations, effectiveness and impact , 2008 .

[14]  N. Kabeer,et al.  Does paid work provide a pathway to women's empowerment? Empirical findings from Bangladesh , 2011 .

[15]  Harry A. Sackey.  Female labour force participation in Ghana: the effects of education , 2005 .

[16]  J. L. Londoño,et al.  Asset Inequality Matters: An Assessment of the World Bank's Approach to Poverty Reduction. , 1997 .

[17]  D. Elson.  Labor Markets as Gendered Institutions: Equality, Efficiency and Empowerment Issues , 1999 .

[18]  F. Y. Edgeworth.  Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work , 1922 .

[19]  C. Dolan.  “I Sell My Labour Now”: Gender and Livelihood Diversification in Uganda , 2004 .

[20]  S. Chant.  Household Decisions, Gender and Development: A Synthesis of Recent Research , 2005 .

[21]  Unrisd,et al.  Changes in economic policy regimes in Uruguay from a gender perspective (1930 - 2000) , 2005 .

[22]  Ruthanne M. Deutsch,et al.  Does Child Care Pay? Labor Force Participation and Earnings: Effects on Access to Child Care in the Favelas of Rio De Janeiro , 1998 .

[23]  J. Dreze,et al.  Future of Mid-Day Meals , 2003 .

[24]  N. Kabeer,et al.  Compliance Versus Accountability: Struggles for Dignity and Daily Bread in the Bangladesh Garment Industry , 2006 .

[25]  D. Budlender.  The Statistical Evidence on Care and Non-Care Work across Six Countries , 2009 .

[26]  Susan Johnson.  Gender Relations, Empowerment and Microcredit: Moving on from a Lost Decade , 2005 .

[27]  M. Das.  Do traditional axes of exclusion affect labor market outcomes in India , 2006 .

[28]  R. Pittin,et al.  Confronting state, capital and patriarchy : women organizing in the process of industrialization , 1996 .

[29]  R. Kanbur.  Conceptualising Informality: Regulation and Enforcement , 2009, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[30]  N. Kabeer,et al.  Social and Economic Impacts of PRADAN's Self Help Group Microfinance and Livelihoods Promotion Program: Analysis From Jharkhand, India , 2005 .

[31]  J R Goldsmith,et al.  Statistical Evidence. , 1961, Science.

[32]  Anita J. Rapone.  Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights in Latin America , 2002 .

[33]  B. Bergmann.  Occupational Segregation, Wages and Profits When Employers Discriminate by Race or Sex , 1974 .

[34]  Stephanie Seguino,et al.  Plus Ça Change ? : 1 Evidence on Global Trends in Gender Norms and Stereotypes , 2010 .

[35]  J. Beall.  REVERSED REALITIES: GENDER HIERARCHIES IN DEVELOPMENT THOUGHT , 1995 .

[36]  R. Alsop,et al.  Measuring Empowerment in Practice: Structuring Analysis and Framing Indicators , 2005 .

[37]  Jaap Zevenbergen,et al.  Rural Land Certification in Ethiopia: Process, Initial Impact, and Implications for Other African Countries , 2007 .

[38]  Nidhiya Menon,et al.  Gender Differences in Socioeconomic Status and Health: Evidence from the 2008 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey , 2010 .

[39]  S. Desai,et al.  Work patterns in rural Pakistan: intersections between gender family and class. , 1996 .

[40]  F. Lopez Boo,et al.  Part-Time Work, Gender and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from a Developing Country , 1995, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[41]  A. Korten,et al.  Gender-based occupational segregation in the 1990s , 2003 .

[42]  N. Kabeer.  Paid work, women's empowerment and gender justice: critical pathways of social change , 2008 .

[43]  Unrisd.  Gender equality : striving for justice in an unequal world , 2005 .

[44]  J. Heymann,et al.  Improving Labour Standards in Clothing Factories , 2010 .

[45]  Yalçın Özkan,et al.  Trajectories of female employment in the Mediterranean , 2012 .

[46]  C. Dolan,et al.  Gender and employment in high-value agriculture industries , 2003 .

[47]  H. Zou,et al.  Explaining International and Intertemporal Variations in Income Inequality , 1998 .

[48]  S. Seguino.  The Effects Of Structural Change And Economic Liberalisation On Gender Wage Differentials In South Korea And Taiwan , 2000 .

[49]  N. Kabeer,et al.  The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka , 2000 .

[50]  N. Kabeer.  Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment , 1999 .

[51]  C. D. Deere.  Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights in Latin America , 2001 .

[52]  S. Seguino.  Gender wage inequality and export‐led growth in South Korea , 1997 .

[53]  C. Nyamu-Musembi.  Ruling out Gender Equality? The Post-Cold War rule of law agenda in Sub-Saharan Africa , 2006 .

[55]  N. Hossain.  Women’s Empowerment Revisited: From Individual to Collective Power Among the Export Sector Workers of Bangladesh , 2012 .

[56]  A. Whitehead.  Some Preliminary Notes on the Subordination of Women , 2006 .

[57]  Amelita King Dejardin.  Gender (in)equality, globalization and governance , 2009 .

[58]  N. Kabeer.  Mainstreaming Gender in Social Protection for the Informal Economy , 2008 .

[59]  D. Figart.  Gender as more than a dummy variable: Feminist approaches to discrimination , 1997 .

[60]  Carlos Oya.  Rural inequality, wage employment and labour market formation in Africa : historical and micro-level evidence , 2010 .

[61]  Solomon W. Polachek,et al.  Occupational self-selection: a human capital approach to sex differences in occupational structure. , 1981 .

[62]  P. Kantor.  DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN'S MICROENTERPRISE SUCCESS IN AHMEDABAD, INDIA: EMPOWERMENT AND ECONOMICS , 2005 .

[63]  M. Chen.  Informality and Social Protection: Theories and Realities , 2009 .

[64]  L. Bennett.  Women, poverty, and productivity in India , 1991 .

[65]  C. Cramer,et al.  Women Working for Wages: Putting Flesh on the Bones of a Rural Labour Market Survey in Mozambique* , 2006 .

[66]  M. Fafchamps,et al.  When is Capital Enough to Get Female Enterprises Growing? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Ghana , 2011 .

[67]  F. Teal,et al.  RECOUP Working Paper 12. Does Doing an Apprenticeship Pay Off?Evidence from Ghana. , 2008 .

[68]  Laura R Wherry,et al.  GENDER DIFFERENCES IN VOCATIONAL SCHOOL TRAINING AND EARNINGS PREMIUMS IN TAIWAN , 2006 .

[69]  Growth, distribution and politics , 1992 .

[70]  Marcela Cerrutti.  Economic Reform, Structural Adjustment and Female Labor Force Participation in Buenos Aires, Argentina , 2000 .

[71]  Maxine Molyneux,et al.  Mobilisation without emancipation? Women's interests, state and revolution in Nicaragua , 1984 .

[72]  E. P. Scott.  Home-based industries: an alternative strategy for household security in rural Zimbabwe , 1995 .

[73]  N. Kabeer,et al.  Living with uncertainty : gender, livelihoods and pro-poor growth in rural sub-Saharan Africa , 2001 .

[74]  S. Seguino.  Gender, quality of life, and growth in Asia 1970-90 , 2002 .

[75]  N. Sinha,et al.  Persistence of the added worker effect: Evidence using panel data from Indonesia , 2010 .

[76]  B. Agarwal.  A Field Of One's Own , 1995 .

[77]  A. Quisumbing.  Household decisions, gender, and development: a synthesis of recent research. , 2003 .

[78]  K. Khan.  Determinants of poverty , 2004 .

[79]  Sajeda Amin,et al.  Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. , 1994 .

[80]  S. Seguino.  Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis , 2000 .

[81]  Klaus Deininger,et al.  New ways of looking at old issues: inequality and growth , 1998 .

[82]  J. Ghosh,et al.  Informalisation and women's workforce participation : a consideration of recent trends in Asia , 2004 .

[83]  K. Brickell.  The ‘Stubborn Stain’ on Development: Gendered Meanings of Housework (Non-)Participation in Cambodia , 2011 .

[84]  D. Johnston.  Who Needs Immigrant Farm Workers? A South African Case Study , 2007 .

[85]  C. Moser.  Gender planning in the Third World: meeting practical and strategic gender needs. , 1989 .

[86]  M. Chen,et al.  UNIFEM Progress of the World’s Women 2005. Women, Work and Poverty. , 2005 .

[87]  D. Dwyer,et al.  A Home Divided: Women and Income in the Third World , 1983 .

[88]  Ruth Pearson,et al.  Beyond women workers: gendering csr , 2007 .

[89]  D. Posel,et al.  Women and the economy: how far have we come? , 2005 .

[90]  B. Agarwal.  A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia , 1995 .

[91]  C. Arndt,et al.  African Development and Poverty Reduction: The Macro-Micro Linkage , 2004 .

[92]  Richard Reyes.  Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , 1993 .

[93]  R. Harrod.  Equal Pay for Men and Women , 1972 .

[94]  M. Cohen.  The Gendered Impacts of Liberalization: Towards “Embedded Liberalism”? , 2010 .

[95]  E. Parrado,et al.  Economic restructuring, financial crises, and women's work in Mexico. , 2001, Social problems.

[96]  J. Cussens.  Some preliminary notes , 2005 .

[97]  A. Barrientos.  Women, Informal Employment, and Social Protection in Latin America , 2002 .

[98]  Barbara Taylor,et al.  Sex and Skill: Notes towards a Feminist Economics , 1980 .

[99]  N. Kabeer,et al.  Globalization, gender and poverty: Bangladeshi women workers in export and local markets , 2004 .

[100]  Taryn Dinkelman.  The Effects of Rural Electrification on Employment: New Evidence from South Africa , 2011 .

[101]  Unrisd,et al.  Gendered impacts of liberalisation policies on African agricultural economies and rural livelihoods , 2009 .

[102]  H. Ueshima.  Trends in Asia , 2005 .

[103]  S. Begum,et al.  Labour Market Outcomes in Bangladesh: The Role of Poverty and Gender Norms , 2011 .

[104]  D. McKenzie,et al.  Are Women More Credit Constrained? Experimental Evidence on Gender and Microenterprise Returns , 2008, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[105]  R. Mehra,et al.  Understanding and Measuring Women's Economic Empowerment , 2011 .

[106]  H. Stein.  Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade: Public and Private Faces of Urban Marketing Policy 1939-1988 , 1996, African Studies Review.