Localization via Visible Light Systems

Visible light communication (VLC) is an emerging paradigm that enables multiple functionalities to be accomplished concurrently, including illumination, high-speed data communications, and localization. Based on the VLC technology, visible light positioning (VLP) systems aim to estimate locations of VLC receivers by utilizing light-emitting diode (LED) transmitters at known locations. VLP presents a viable alternative to radio frequency (RF)-based positioning systems by providing inexpensive and accurate localization services. In this paper, we consider the problem of localization in visible light systems and provide an extensive survey of various location estimation techniques, accompanied by discussions of their relative merits and demerits within the context of accuracy and computational complexity. In addition, we investigate a cooperative VLP system architecture in which VLC receiver units are able to communicate with each other for the purpose of cooperation, and present a low-complexity, iterative localization algorithm to demonstrate the benefits of cooperation in VLP systems. Finally, we investigate optimal strategies for power allocation among LED transmitters to maximize the localization accuracy subject to power and illumination constraints.

[1]  Badri N. Vellambi,et al.  Indoor Positioning System Using Visible Light and Accelerometer , 2014, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[2]  Pol Henarejos,et al.  Rapid prototyping of standard-compliant visible light communications system , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[3]  Richard Klukas,et al.  Angle-of-arrival reception for optical wireless location technology. , 2015, Optics express.

[4]  R.L. Moses,et al.  Locating the nodes: cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[5]  Anthony J. Weiss,et al.  Direct position determination of narrowband radio transmitters , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[6]  Junhai Luo,et al.  Indoor Positioning Systems Based on Visible Light Communication: State of the Art , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[7]  Guobin Shen,et al.  Epsilon: A Visible Light Based Positioning System , 2014, NSDI.

[8]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Network localization and navigation via cooperation , 2011, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[9]  Jin Young Kim,et al.  Novel LBS technique based on visible light communications , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE).

[10]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Ranging With Ultrawide Bandwidth Signals in Multipath Environments , 2009, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[11]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  NLOS identification and mitigation for localization based on UWB experimental data , 2010, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[12]  Erik G. Larsson,et al.  Direct Localization for Massive MIMO , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[13]  Jean-Paul M. G. Linnartz,et al.  An illumination perspective on visible light communications , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[14]  Jing Liu,et al.  Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[15]  P. L. Combettes,et al.  Quasi-Fejérian Analysis of Some Optimization Algorithms , 2001 .

[16]  Soummya Kar,et al.  DILAND: An Algorithm for Distributed Sensor Localization With Noisy Distance Measurements , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[17]  Andreas Peter Burg,et al.  Robust asynchronous indoor localization using LED lighting , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP).

[18]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  The Effect of Cooperation on UWB-Based Positioning Systems Using Experimental Data , 2008, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process..

[19]  Murat Yuksel,et al.  Hybrid 3-D Localization for Visible Light Communication Systems , 2015, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[20]  A.H. Sayed,et al.  Network-based wireless location: challenges faced in developing techniques for accurate wireless location information , 2005, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[21]  Yong Up Lee,et al.  Random distributed angle-of-arrival parameter estimation technique for visible light positioning , 2015, 2015 38th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP).

[22]  Ashish Pandharipande,et al.  Adaptive Illumination Rendering in LED Lighting Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems.

[23]  Somya Rathi,et al.  Visible light positioning: Automotive use case , 2010, 2010 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference.

[24]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Fundamental Limits of Wideband Localization— Part II: Cooperative Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[25]  Myungsik Yoo,et al.  Analysis on visible light communication using rolling shutter CMOS sensor , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC).

[26]  Chi Zhang,et al.  Visible Light Localization Using Incumbent Light Fixtures: Demo Abstract , 2016, SenSys.

[27]  A. Field.  Communications , 1963, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[28]  Yunhuai Liu,et al.  LIPS: A Light Intensity Based Positioning System For Indoor Environments , 2014, ACM Trans. Sens. Networks.

[29]  Stefan Schmid,et al.  EnLighting: An Indoor Visible Light Communication System Based on Networked Light Bulbs , 2016, 2016 13th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON).

[30]  Yuegang Fu,et al.  Theoretical Accuracy Analysis of Indoor Visible Light Communication Positioning System Based on Received Signal Strength Indicator , 2014, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[31]  Toshiya Tanaka,et al.  New Position Detection Method Using Image Sensor and Visible Light LEDs , 2009, 2009 Second International Conference on Machine Vision.

[32]  Rajendran Parthiban,et al.  LED Based Indoor Visible Light Communications: State of the Art , 2015, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[33]  Wenjun Gu,et al.  Indoor location estimation with optical-based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communications , 2016 .

[34]  G. Turin,et al.  An introduction to matched filters , 1960, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[35]  Shaodan Ma,et al.  TOA-Based Passive Localization in Quasi-Synchronous Networks , 2014, IEEE Communications Letters.

[36]  Henk Wymeersch,et al.  Power Allocation for OFDM Wireless Network Localization Under Expectation and Robustness Constraints , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[37]  Pini Gurfil,et al.  On The Behavior of Subgradient Projections Methods for Convex Feasibility Problems in Euclidean Spaces , 2008, SIAM J. Optim..

[38]  Sinan Gezici,et al.  A Survey on Wireless Position Estimation , 2008, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[39]  Myungsik Yoo,et al.  Potentialities and challenges of VLC based outdoor positioning , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN).

[40]  Juha-Pekka Makela,et al.  Indoor geolocation science and technology , 2002, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[41]  Chi Zhang,et al.  LiTell: robust indoor localization using unmodified light fixtures , 2016, MobiCom.

[42]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Robust Power Allocation for Energy-Efficient Location-Aware Networks , 2013, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[43]  Bart Nauwelaers,et al.  A survey on multiple access Visible Light Positioning , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Innovative Business Practices for the Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech).

[44]  Anthony J. Weiss,et al.  Localization of Narrowband Radio Emitters Based on Doppler Frequency Shifts , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[45]  Mauro Biagi,et al.  An indoor localization algorithm in a small-cell LED-based lighting system , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN).

[46]  Xiaohu You,et al.  Indoor Positioning for Multiphotodiode Device Using Visible-Light Communications , 2016, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[47]  Mohsen Kavehrad,et al.  Indoor positioning algorithm using light-emitting diode visible light communications , 2012 .

[48]  Thomas Q. Wang,et al.  Theoretical Lower Bound for Indoor Visible Light Positioning Using Received Signal Strength Measurements and an Aperture-Based Receiver , 2017, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[49]  施安存,et al.  Theoretical Accuracy Analysis of Indoor Visible Light Communication Positioning System Based on Received Signal Strength Indicator , 2014 .

[50]  Anthony J. Weiss,et al.  Maximum-Likelihood Direct Position Estimation in Dense Multipath , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[51]  K. Dividis.  Design and Prototyping of a Visible Light Indoor Positioning System , 2007 .

[52]  Heidi Steendam,et al.  A 3-D Positioning Algorithm for AOA-Based VLP With an Aperture-Based Receiver , 2018, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[53]  Sinan Gezici,et al.  Hybrid TDOA/RSS Based Localization for Visible Light Systems , 2018, Digit. Signal Process..

[54]  Steven Kay,et al.  TDOA based direct positioning maximum likelihood estimator and the cramer-rao bound , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[55]  S. Gezici,et al.  Comparative Theoretical Analysis of Distance Estimation in Visible Light Positioning Systems , 2016, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[56]  Benoît Champagne,et al.  Mobile Localization in Non-Line-of-Sight Using Constrained Square-Root Unscented Kalman Filter , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[57]  Jeffrey B. Carruthers,et al.  Wireless infrared communications , 2003, Proc. IEEE.

[58]  Franz Hlawatsch,et al.  Sigma Point Belief Propagation , 2013, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[59]  Stefan Videv,et al.  VLC: Beyond point-to-point communication , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[60]  Mohsen Kavehrad,et al.  Impact of Multipath Reflections on the Performance of Indoor Visible Light Positioning Systems , 2015, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[61]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Network Experimentation for Cooperative Localization , 2012, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[62]  S. Haruyama,et al.  High-accuracy positioning system using visible LED lights and image sensor , 2008, 2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.

[63]  Masao Nakagawa,et al.  A Switching Estimated Receiver Position Scheme For Visible Light Based Indoor Positioning System , 2009, 2009 4th International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing.

[64]  Junyi Li,et al.  Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[65]  Ismail Güvenç,et al.  Multi-Element Transmitter Design and Performance Evaluation for Visible Light Communication , 2015, 2015 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[66]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Experimental Characterization of Diversity Navigation , 2014, IEEE Systems Journal.

[67]  Lajos Hanzo,et al.  Hybrid Positioning Aided Amorphous-Cell Assisted User-Centric Visible Light Downlink Techniques , 2016, IEEE Access.

[68]  Ki-Doo Kim,et al.  Indoor Location Estimation Using Visible Light Communication and Image Sensors , 2013 .

[69]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Visible Light Communications : Theory and Applications , 2017 .

[70]  Thomas Q. Wang,et al.  Position Accuracy of Time-of-Arrival Based Ranging Using Visible Light With Application in Indoor Localization Systems , 2013, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[71]  Iain B. Collings,et al.  New Efficient Indoor Cooperative Localization Algorithm With Empirical Ranging Error Model , 2015, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[72]  Kusha Panta,et al.  Indoor localisation using white LEDs , 2012 .

[73]  Sinan Gezici,et al.  Effects of cooperation on visible light positioning , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom).

[74]  Xian Jin,et al.  Wireless Indoor Optical Positioning With a Differential Photosensor , 2012, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[75]  Y. U. Lee,et al.  Secure positioning technique based on the encrypted visible light map , 2017, OPTO.

[76]  Anthony J. Weiss,et al.  High-Resolution Direct Position Determination Using MVDR , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[77]  Nirwan Ansari,et al.  Indoor Localization Using Visible Light Via Fusion of Multiple Classifiers , 2017, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[78]  Thomas D. C. Little,et al.  Adaptation of OFDM under visible light communications and illumination constraints , 2014, 2014 48th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers.

[79]  Benoît Champagne,et al.  Tight Two-Dimensional Outer-Approximations of Feasible Sets in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016, IEEE Communications Letters.

[80]  Sang-Kook Han,et al.  Indoor Location Estimation Based on LED Visible Light Communication Using Multiple Optical Receivers , 2013, IEEE Communications Letters.

[81]  Myungsik Yoo,et al.  TDOA-based indoor positioning using visible light , 2014, Photonic Network Communications.

[82]  Lutz H.-J. Lampe,et al.  Optimal and Robust Beamforming for Secure Transmission in MISO Visible-Light Communication Links , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[83]  Jayakorn Vongkulbhisal,et al.  A fingerprinting‐based indoor localization system using intensity modulation of light emitting diodes , 2012 .

[84]  Adrian Neild,et al.  Visible light positioning: a roadmap for international standardization , 2013, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[85]  Sinan Gezici,et al.  Improved Lower Bounds for Ranging in Synchronous Visible Light Positioning Systems , 2016, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[86]  Mohsen Kavehrad,et al.  Indoor positioning with OFDM Visible Light Communications , 2016, 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC).

[87]  Liang Yin,et al.  Physical-Layer Security in Multiuser Visible Light Communication Networks , 2018, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[88]  Parth H. Pathak,et al.  Visible Light Communication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges , 2015, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[89]  A. Gualtierotti.  H. L. Van Trees, Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, , 1976 .

[90]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  A Computational Geometry Framework for Efficient Network Localization , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[91]  Lutz H.-J. Lampe,et al.  Coordinated Broadcasting for Multiuser Indoor Visible Light Communication Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[92]  Hisashi Kobayashi,et al.  Analysis of wireless geolocation in a non-line-of-sight environment , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[93]  Thomas D. C. Little,et al.  Impact of lighting requirements on VLC systems , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[94]  Henk Wymeersch,et al.  Distributed Estimation With Information-Seeking Control in Agent Networks , 2014, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[95]  Myungsik Yoo,et al.  An in-Depth Survey of Visible Light Communication Based Positioning Systems , 2016, Sensors.

[96]  Song Liu,et al.  An Arduino-based indoor positioning system (IPS) using visible light communication and ultrasound , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan.

[97]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Peregrine: 3-D network localization and navigation , 2017, 2017 IEEE 9th Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM).

[98]  Mohsen Kavehrad,et al.  Two hybrid positioning system design techniques with lighting LEDs and ad-hoc wireless network , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[99]  C. Patrick Yue,et al.  Towards indoor localization using Visible Light Communication for consumer electronic devices , 2014, 2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[100]  Badri N. Vellambi,et al.  Indoor Position Tracking Using Multiple Optical Receivers , 2016, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[101]  Alin-Mihai Căilean,et al.  Current Challenges for Visible Light Communications Usage in Vehicle Applications: A Survey , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[102]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Network Navigation: Theory and Interpretation , 2012, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[103]  Mohsen Kavehrad,et al.  Asynchronous indoor positioning system based on visible light communications , 2014 .

[104]  Gonzalo Seco-Granados,et al.  Challenges in Indoor Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Unveiling its core features in signal processing , 2012, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[105]  Shinichiro Haruyama,et al.  New indoor navigation system for visually impaired people using visible light communication , 2013, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[106]  Sinan Gezici,et al.  Direct and Two-Step Positioning in Visible Light Systems , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[107]  Hongyu Guan,et al.  Visible light phase-shift rangefinder for platooning applications , 2016, 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC).

[108]  S. Randel,et al.  Broadband Information Broadcasting Using LED-Based Interior Lighting , 2008, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[109]  Masao Nakagawa,et al.  Fundamental analysis for visible-light communication system using LED lights , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[110]  Rajesh M. Hegde,et al.  Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Visible Light in Non-Line of Sight Conditions , 2017, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[111]  Sinan Gezici,et al.  Cooperative Localization in Visible Light Networks: Theoretical Limits and Distributed Algorithms , 2018, ArXiv.

[112]  Yair Censor,et al.  Cyclic subgradient projections , 1982, Math. Program..

[113]  Sinan Gezici,et al.  Fundamental Limits on RSS Based Range Estimation in Visible Light Positioning Systems , 2015, IEEE Communications Letters.

[114]  Yair Censor,et al.  Algorithms for the quasiconvex feasibility problem , 2006 .

[115]  D. H. Mash,et al.  Light-emitting diodes , 1977, Nature.

[116]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Mercury: An Infrastructure-Free System for Network Localization and Navigation , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[117]  Prabal Dutta,et al.  Luxapose: indoor positioning with mobile phones and visible light , 2014, MobiCom.

[118]  Sang-Kook Han,et al.  An Indoor Visible Light Communication Positioning System Using a RF Carrier Allocation Technique , 2013, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[119]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Distributed Power Allocation for Cooperative Wireless Network Localization , 2015, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[120]  Chen Gong,et al.  Power and Rate Optimization for Visible Light Communication System With Lighting Constraints , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[121]  Panarat Cherntanomwong,et al.  Indoor localization system using visible light communication , 2015, 2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE).

[122]  Ran Zhang,et al.  Image Sensor Based Visible Light Positioning System With Improved Positioning Algorithm , 2017, IEEE Access.

[123]  Ming Jiang,et al.  Space-Time-Multiplexed Multi-Image Visible Light Positioning System Exploiting Pseudo-Miller-Coding for Smart Phones , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[124]  Sung-Yoon Jung,et al.  Location awareness using Angle-of-arrival based circular-PD-array for visible light communication , 2012, 2012 18th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC).

[125]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  Position Estimation via Ultra-Wide-Band Signals , 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[126]  Anthony J. Weiss,et al.  Direct Position Determination of Multiple Radio Signals , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[127]  Jaechan Lim,et al.  Ubiquitous 3D positioning systems by led-based visible light communications , 2015, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[128]  Jay A. Farrell,et al.  Navigation using linear photo detector arrays , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA).

[129]  Murat Yuksel,et al.  AOA-based localization and tracking in multi-element VLC systems , 2015, 2015 IEEE 16th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON).

[130]  Zhi Ding,et al.  Source Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks From Signal Time-of-Arrival Measurements , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[131]  Sinan Gezici,et al.  Optimal and Robust Power Allocation for Visible Light Positioning Systems Under Illumination Constraints , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[132]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Fundamental Limits of Wideband Localization— Part I: A General Framework , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[133]  Ignas Niemegeers,et al.  A survey of indoor positioning systems for wireless personal networks , 2009, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[134]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  A Mathematical Model for Wideband Ranging , 2015, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[135]  Sang-Kook Han,et al.  Visible light based high accuracy indoor localization using the extinction ratio distributions of light signals , 2013 .

[136]  Ming Liu,et al.  Plugo: a VLC Systematic Perspective of Large-scale Indoor Localization , 2017, ArXiv.

[137]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Cooperative Localization in Wireless Networks , 2009, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[138]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Randomized gossip algorithms , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[139]  Sang-Kook Han,et al.  Indoor positioning based on received optical power difference by angle of arrival , 2014 .

[140]  Sang-Kook Han,et al.  Three-Dimensional Visible Light Indoor Localization Using AOA and RSS With Multiple Optical Receivers , 2014, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[141]  G.B. Giannakis,et al.  Localization via ultra-wideband radios: a look at positioning aspects for future sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[142]  Ming Liu,et al.  Let the Light Guide Us: VLC-Based Localization , 2016, IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine.

[143]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Power Management for Cooperative Localization: A Game Theoretical Approach , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[144]  Thomas Q. Wang,et al.  Cramer-Rao bound for AOA-based VLP with an aperture-based receiver , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[145]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Soft Range Information for Network Localization , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[146]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Blind Selection of Representative Observations for Sensor Radar Networks , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[147]  H. Haas,et al.  An LED Model for Intensity-Modulated Optical Communication Systems , 2010, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[148]  Liang Chen,et al.  Theoretical Characterization of Nonlinear Clipping Effects in IM/DD Optical OFDM Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[149]  Sang-Kook Han,et al.  Three-dimensional optical wireless indoor positioning system using location code map based on power distribution of visible light emitting diode , 2013 .

[150]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation , 1994, Springer Texts in Electrical Engineering.

[151]  M. Biagi,et al.  LAT indoor MIMO-VLC — Localize, access and transmit , 2012, 2012 International Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications (IWOW).

[152]  Chang-Soo Park,et al.  TDOA-based optical wireless indoor localization using LED ceiling lamps , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[153]  Steve Hranilovic,et al.  Angular diversity approach to indoor positioning using visible light , 2013, 2013 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[154]  Jiaheng Wang,et al.  Offset and Power Optimization for DCO-OFDM in Visible Light Communication Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[155]  Abbas Jamalipour,et al.  Wireless communications , 2005, GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005..

[156]  R. Parthiban,et al.  Visible Light Communications localization using TDOA-based coherent heterodyne detection , 2013, 2013 IEEE 4th International Conference on Photonics (ICP).

[157]  Heinz H. Bauschke,et al.  On Projection Algorithms for Solving Convex Feasibility Problems , 1996, SIAM Rev..

[158]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  Power Optimization for Network Localization , 2013, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[159]  Sridhar Rajagopal,et al.  IEEE 802.15.7 visible light communication: modulation schemes and dimming support , 2012, IEEE Communications Magazine.