Overweight Is Associated With Decreased Cognitive Functioning Among School‐age Children and Adolescents

Objective: Childhood overweight and obesity have increased substantially in the past two decades, raising concerns about their psychosocial and cognitive consequences. We examined the associations between academic performance (AP), cognitive functioning (CF), and increased BMI in a nationally representative sample of children.

[1]  A. Halbower,et al.  Neuropsychological morbidity linked to childhood sleep-disordered breathing. , 2006, Sleep medicine reviews.

[2]  S. Craft,et al.  Modulation of memory by insulin and glucose: neuropsychological observations in Alzheimer's disease. , 2004, European journal of pharmacology.

[3]  G. Holmbeck.  Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. , 1997, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[4]  Jennifer L. Magnabosco,et al.  Childhood overweight and academic performance: national study of kindergartners and first-graders. , 2004, Obesity research.

[5]  J. Kaczorowski,et al.  Elevated blood pressure and decreased cognitive function among school-age children and adolescents in the United States. , 2003, The Journal of pediatrics.

[6]  N. Risebrough,et al.  The health status of obese individuals in Canada , 2001, International Journal of Obesity.

[7]  S. Gortmaker,et al.  Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. , 1985, Pediatrics.

[8]  R. Mckeown,et al.  Gender differences in risk factors for attempted suicide among young adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 2005, Annals of epidemiology.

[9]  David Gozal,et al.  The Effect of Chronic or Intermittent Hypoxia on Cognition in Childhood: A Review of the Evidence , 2004, Pediatrics.

[10]  T. Sørensen,et al.  Parental neglect during childhood and increased risk of obesity in young adulthood , 1994, The Lancet.

[11]  S. Daniels,et al.  Left ventricular hypertrophy and abnormal ventricular geometry in children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea. , 2002, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[12]  K. Flegal,et al.  Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. , 2006, JAMA.

[13]  S. Daniels,et al.  Blood pressure and the brain. , 2003, The Journal of pediatrics.

[14]  S. Waldstein,et al.  Interactive relations of central versus total obesity and blood pressure to cognitive function , 2006, International Journal of Obesity.

[15]  A. Hofman,et al.  Insulin and Cognitive Function in an Elderly Population: The Rotterdam Study , 1997, Diabetes Care.

[16]  Ralph B. D’Agostino,et al.  Obesity, diabetes and cognitive deficit: The Framingham Heart Study , 2005, Neurobiology of Aging.

[17]  R. D'Agostino,et al.  Lower cognitive function in the presence of obesity and hypertension: the Framingham heart study , 2003, International Journal of Obesity.

[18]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[19]  A. Puetpaiboon,et al.  School performance and weight status of children and young adolescents in a transitional society in Thailand , 1999, International Journal of Obesity.

[20]  E. Gordon,et al.  Obesity is associated with memory deficits in young and middle-aged adults , 2006, Eating and weight disorders : EWD.

[21]  M. Gagnon,et al.  The relationships between atherosclerosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and dementia , 2004, Neurological research.

[22]  C. Lenfant,et al.  National High Blood Pressure Education Program. , 1986, Journal of the American Optometric Association.

[23]  M. Carroll,et al.  Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States. , 1997, JAMA.

[24]  X Li,et al.  A study of intelligence and personality in children with simple obesity. , 1995, International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[25]  W. Banks,et al.  Effects of leptin on memory processing , 2006, Peptides.

[26]  J B Stokes,et al.  The national high blood pressure education program. , 1974, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association.

[27]  G. Prado,et al.  Cognitive Dysfunction in Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing , 2005, Journal of child neurology.

[28]  T. Walter.  Impact of iron deficiency on cognition in infancy and childhood. , 1993, European journal of clinical nutrition.

[29]  Suzanne Craft,et al.  Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms , 2004, The Lancet Neurology.

[30]  W. Dietz,et al.  Obesity Evaluation and Treatment: Expert Committee Recommendations , 1998 .

[31]  P Lilos,et al.  Greater prevalence of iron deficiency in overweight and obese children and adolescents , 2003, International Journal of Obesity.

[32]  A. Manley.  Physical Activity And Health: A Report Of The Surgeon General , 2004 .

[33]  D. Beebe,et al.  The contribution of intermittent hypoxia, sleep debt and sleep disruption to daytime performance deficits in children: consideration of respiratory and non-respiratory sleep disorders. , 2006, Sleep medicine reviews.

[34]  J. Peters,et al.  Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. , 1998, Science.

[35]  D. L. Linebarger,et al.  The relationship between children's television viewing and academic performance. , 2005, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[36]  G A Colditz,et al.  Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986-1990. , 1996, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[37]  T N Robinson,et al.  Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. , 1999, JAMA.

[38]  W. Dietz,et al.  Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services. , 1998, Pediatrics.

[39]  D. Neumark-Sztainer,et al.  Social, educational, and psychological correlates of weight status in adolescents. , 2001, Obesity research.

[40]  M. Pratt,et al.  Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 1998, JAMA.