Generation and maintenance of immunological memory.

[1]  Todd M. Allen,et al.  Functional Impairment of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells during the Chronic Phase of Infection , 2001, Journal of Virology.

[2]  D. Gray.  Immunological memory: a function of antigen persistence. , 1993, Trends in microbiology.

[3]  Antonio Lanzavecchia,et al.  Maintenance of Serological Memory by Polyclonal Activation of Human Memory B Cells , 2002, Science.

[4]  E. Wherry,et al.  Vaccines: Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development , 2002, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[5]  R. Benner,et al.  The bone marrow: the major source of serum immunoglobulins, but still a neglected site of antibody formation. , 1981, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[6]  G. Cattoretti,et al.  Commitment of B Lymphocytes to a Plasma Cell Fate Is Associated with Blimp-1 Expression In Vivo1 , 2000, The Journal of Immunology.

[7]  J. Allison,et al.  BTLA is a lymphocyte inhibitory receptor with similarities to CTLA-4 and PD-1 , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[8]  P. Georgii‐Hemming,et al.  Expression of the bcl‐2 family of pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic genes in multiple myeloma and normal plasma cells , 2002, European journal of haematology.

[9]  J. Hoofnagle,et al.  Impaired Effector Function of Hepatitis C Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection1 , 2002, The Journal of Immunology.

[10]  Ả. Svensson,et al.  Immunity to tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis in the adult population of Sweden in 1991. , 1998, International journal of epidemiology.

[11]  E. Cooper.  Production of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the rat following immunization with human serum albumin. , 1961, Immunology.

[12]  R. Noelle,et al.  Short-lived and Long-lived Bone Marrow Plasma Cells Are Derived from a Novel Precursor Population , 2002, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[13]  P. Doherty,et al.  Temporal loss of the activated L-selectin-low phenotype for virus-specific CD8+ memory T cells. , 1995, Journal of immunology.

[14]  R. Bram,et al.  BCMA Is Essential for the Survival of Long-lived Bone Marrow Plasma Cells , 2004, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[15]  S. Rowland-Jones,et al.  Skewed maturation of memory HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes , 2001, Nature.

[16]  M. Bachmann,et al.  Distinct kinetics of cytokine production and cytolysis in effector and memory T cells after viral infection , 1999, European journal of immunology.

[17]  Neal N. Iwakoshi,et al.  Plasma cell differentiation requires the transcription factor XBP-1 , 2001, Nature.

[18]  A. Kuramoto,et al.  Differentiation of early plasma cells on bone marrow stromal cells requires interleukin-6 for escaping from apoptosis. , 1995, Blood.

[19]  M. Rep,et al.  Phenotypic and Functional Separation of Memory and Effector Human CD8+ T Cells , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[20]  J. Opferman,et al.  Linear differentiation of cytotoxic effectors into memory T lymphocytes. , 1999, Science.

[21]  T. Dassopoulos,et al.  IL-15 receptor maintains lymphoid homeostasis by supporting lymphocyte homing and proliferation. , 1998, Immunity.

[22]  J. Tew,et al.  Prolonged antigen half-life in the lymphoid follicles of specifically immunized mice. , 1979, Immunology.

[23]  J. Curtsinger,et al.  CD8 T Cell Clonal Expansion and Development of Effector Function Require Prolonged Exposure to Antigen, Costimulation, and Signal 3 Cytokine 1 , 2003, The Journal of Immunology.

[24]  Eric G. Pamer,et al.  Early Programming of T Cell Populations Responding to Bacterial Infection1 , 2000, The Journal of Immunology.

[25]  L. McHeyzer-Williams,et al.  Germinal center reaction. , 2001, Current opinion in hematology.

[26]  M. Rudnicki,et al.  Mutations in T-cell antigen receptor genes alpha and beta block thymocyte development at different stages. , 1992, Nature.

[27]  A. Lanzavecchia,et al.  A role for Toll-like receptors in acquired immunity: up-regulation of TLR9 by BCR triggering in naive B cells and constitutive expression in memory B cells. , 2003, Blood.

[28]  S Oehen,et al.  Differentiation of naive CTL to effector and memory CTL: correlation of effector function with phenotype and cell division. , 1998, Journal of immunology.

[29]  Alan D. Roberts,et al.  Cutting Edge: Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Play a Prominent Role in Recall Responses to Secondary Viral Infection in the Lung1 , 2004, The Journal of Immunology.

[30]  S. Tonegawa,et al.  Mutations in T-cell antigen receptor genes α and β block thymocyte development at different stages , 1992, Nature.

[31]  A. Hamann,et al.  Activation induces rapid and profound alterations in the trafficking of T cells , 2000, European journal of immunology.

[32]  O. Mäkelä,et al.  AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE , 1962, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[33]  T. Schumacher,et al.  CD27 is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity , 2000, Nature Immunology.

[34]  C. Benoist,et al.  Cytokine Requirements for Acute and Basal Homeostatic Proliferation of Naive and Memory CD8+ T Cells , 2002, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[35]  K. Tarte,et al.  Gene expression profiling of plasma cells and plasmablasts: toward a better understanding of the late stages of B-cell differentiation. , 2003, Blood.

[36]  R. Flavell,et al.  Mice deficient for the CD40 ligand. , 1994, Immunity.

[37]  P. Morrissey,et al.  Reversible Defects in Natural Killer and Memory Cd8 T Cell Lineages in Interleukin 15–Deficient Mice , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[38]  D. Bodde.  The Chinese Way in Medicine , 1942, The Far Eastern Quarterly.

[39]  Hao Shen,et al.  Requirement for CD4 T Cell Help in Generating Functional CD8 T Cell Memory , 2003, Science.

[40]  R. Dutton,et al.  Heterogeneity of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. , 2003, Current opinion in immunology.

[41]  P. Burkett,et al.  IL-15R alpha expression on CD8+ T cells is dispensable for T cell memory. , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  R J Armitage,et al.  Humoral immune responses in CD40 ligand-deficient mice , 1994, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[43]  J. Lieberman,et al.  Effector differentiation is not prerequisite for generation of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes. , 2001, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[44]  Eric G. Pamer,et al.  Cutting Edge: Antigen-Independent CD8 T Cell Proliferation , 2001, The Journal of Immunology.

[45]  G. Nossal,et al.  Autoradiographic studies on the immune response. II. DNA synthesis amongst single antibody-producing cells. , 1962 .

[46]  C. Berek,et al.  Development of antibody diversity in single germinal centers: selective expansion of high‐affinity variants , 1994, European journal of immunology.

[47]  J. Altman,et al.  Persistence of memory CD8 T cells in MHC class I-deficient mice. , 1999, Science.

[48]  L. Lefrançois,et al.  Transregulation of memory CD8 T-cell proliferation by IL-15Ralpha+ bone marrow-derived cells. , 2004, Blood.

[49]  R. Welsh,et al.  In vivo state of antiviral CTL precursors. Characterization of a cycling cell population containing CTL precursors in immune mice. , 1995, Journal of immunology.

[50]  K. Rajewsky,et al.  In Vivo Ablation of Surface Immunoglobulin on Mature B Cells by Inducible Gene Targeting Results in Rapid Cell Death , 1997, Cell.

[51]  Susan M. Kaech,et al.  Memory CD8+ T cell differentiation: initial antigen encounter triggers a developmental program in naïve cells , 2001, Nature Immunology.

[52]  P. Panum.  Beobachtungen über das Maserncontagium , 1847, Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin.

[53]  E. Wherry,et al.  Interleukin 15 Is Required for Proliferative Renewal of Virus-specific Memory CD8 T Cells , 2002, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[54]  E. Simpson,et al.  B7-1 and B7-2 have overlapping, critical roles in immunoglobulin class switching and germinal center formation. , 1997, Immunity.

[55]  A. Abbot,et al.  The Follicular Dendritic Cell: Long Term Antigen Retention During Immunity , 1980, Immunological reviews.

[56]  J. Mcclendon.  THE HISTORY OF CHINESE MEDICINE. , 1934, Science.

[57]  I. Maclennan.  Germinal centers. , 1994, Annual review of immunology.

[58]  Shannon M. Anderson,et al.  Germinal Center Initiation, Variable Gene Region Hypermutation, and Mutant B Cell Selection without Detectable Immune Complexes on Follicular Dendritic Cells , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[59]  Peter Jensen,et al.  CD8αα-Mediated Survival and Differentiation of CD8 Memory T Cell Precursors , 2004, Science.

[60]  Urs Christen,et al.  CD4+ T cells are required for secondary expansion and memory in CD8+ T lymphocytes , 2003, Nature.

[61]  G. F. Burton,et al.  Follicular Dendritic Cells as Accessory Cells , 1990, Immunological reviews.

[62]  Rustom Antia,et al.  Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[63]  Ping Lu,et al.  B7H Costimulates Clonal Expansion of, and Cognate Destruction of Tumor Cells by, CD8+ T Lymphocytes In Vivo , 2001, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[64]  Susan M. Kaech,et al.  Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development. Nat Rev Immunol. , 2002 .

[65]  J. Schooley,et al.  Autoradiographic observations of plasma cell formation. , 1961, Journal of immunology.

[66]  G. Bishop,et al.  CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation , 1995, Nature.

[67]  A. Zajac,et al.  Ablation of CD8 and CD4 T Cell Responses by High Viral Loads1 , 2003, The Journal of Immunology.

[68]  J. Altman,et al.  Immediate Early Effector Functions of Virus-Specific CD8+CCR7+ Memory Cells in Humans Defined by HLA and CC Chemokine Ligand 19 Tetramers1 , 2003, The Journal of Immunology.

[69]  Eric J. Kunkel,et al.  CCR7 Expression and Memory T Cell Diversity in Humans1 , 2001, The Journal of Immunology.

[70]  M. Takiguchi,et al.  Differentiation of Human CD8+ T Cells from a Memory to Memory/Effector Phenotype1 , 2002, The Journal of Immunology.

[71]  G. Nossal,et al.  Autoradiographic studies on the immune response.I. The kinetics of plasma cell proliferation. , 1962 .

[72]  G. Underhill,et al.  Longevity Cells in the Maintenance of Plasma Cell The Role of Bone Marrow-Derived Stromal , 2002 .

[73]  B. Morgan,et al.  Aiolos regulates B cell activation and maturation to effector state. , 1998, Immunity.

[74]  Woodbridge Bingham.  The Chinese Way in Medicine Edward H. Hume , 1941 .

[75]  J. Bonner,et al.  Differentiation , 1968, Nature.

[76]  A. Williamson,et al.  Selection of a single antibody-forming cell clone and its propagation in syngeneic mice. , 1970, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[77]  D. Gray,et al.  B-cell memory is short-lived in the absence of antigen. , 1991, Nature.

[78]  N. Yoshida,et al.  The immune responses in CD40-deficient mice: impaired immunoglobulin class switching and germinal center formation. , 1994, Immunity.

[79]  R. Bataille,et al.  Differential expression of Bcl-2 in human plasma cell disorders according to proliferation status and malignancy , 1999, Leukemia.

[80]  J. Sprent,et al.  Overexpression of Interleukin (IL)-7 Leads to IL-15–independent Generation of Memory Phenotype CD8+ T Cells , 2002, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[81]  G. Carcelain,et al.  Distinct Time Effects of Vaccination on Long-Term Proliferative and IFN-γ–producing T Cell Memory to Smallpox in Humans , 2004, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[82]  R. Ahmed,et al.  Tracking human antigen-specific memory B cells: a sensitive and generalized ELISPOT system. , 2004, Journal of immunological methods.

[83]  S. Tangye,et al.  BAFF selectively enhances the survival of plasmablasts generated from human memory B cells. , 2003, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[84]  S. Jameson,et al.  Interleukin-7 mediates the homeostasis of naïve and memory CD8 T cells in vivo , 2000, Nature Immunology.

[85]  C. Thompson,et al.  CD28 is required for germinal center formation. , 1996, Journal of immunology.

[86]  J. Harty,et al.  Programmed contraction of CD8+ T cells after infection , 2002, Nature Immunology.

[87]  E. Wherry,et al.  Selective expression of the interleukin 7 receptor identifies effector CD8 T cells that give rise to long-lived memory cells , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[88]  J. Sprent,et al.  Potent and selective stimulation of memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells in vivo by IL-15. , 1998, Immunity.

[89]  S. Hansen,et al.  Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination , 2003, Nature Medicine.

[90]  Luis Villarreal,et al.  Cutting Edge: Long-Term B Cell Memory in Humans after Smallpox Vaccination 1 , 2003, The Journal of Immunology.

[91]  J. Melnick,et al.  Antibodies to three different antigenic types of poliomyelitis virus in sera from North Alaskan Eskimos. , 1951, American journal of hygiene.

[92]  M. Bevan,et al.  Defective CD8 T Cell Memory Following Acute Infection Without CD4 T Cell Help , 2003, Science.

[93]  K. Rajewsky,et al.  Memory B-cell persistence is independent of persisting immunizing antigen , 2000, Nature.

[94]  K. G. Smith,et al.  Dissecting affinity maturation: a model explaining selection of antibody-forming cells and memory B cells in the germinal centre. , 2000, Immunology today.

[95]  J. Altman,et al.  Gene Expression in Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells During Viral Infection1 , 2001, The Journal of Immunology.

[96]  D. Hilbert,et al.  Cutting Edge: BLyS Enables Survival of Transitional and Mature B Cells Through Distinct Mediators1 , 2002, The Journal of Immunology.

[97]  F. Sallusto,et al.  Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions , 1999, Nature.

[98]  K. Calame,et al.  Blimp-1 is required for the formation of immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells and pre-plasma memory B cells. , 2003, Immunity.

[99]  A. Sharpe,et al.  Negative co-receptors on lymphocytes. , 2002, Current opinion in immunology.

[100]  T. Waldmann,et al.  IL-15Rα Recycles and Presents IL-15 In trans to Neighboring Cells , 2002 .

[101]  C. Takahashi,et al.  Cutting edge: 4-1BB is a bona fide CD8 T cell survival signal. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[102]  L. Lefrançois,et al.  T cell immunity in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. , 2002, Current opinion in immunology.

[103]  B. Rocha,et al.  A Role for CD40 Expression on CD8+ T Cells in the Generation of CD8+ T Cell Memory , 2002, Science.

[104]  Andreas Radbruch,et al.  Plasma Cell Survival Is Mediated by Synergistic Effects of Cytokines and Adhesion-Dependent Signals1 , 2003, The Journal of Immunology.

[105]  R. Ahmed,et al.  Bone marrow is a major site of long-term antibody production after acute viral infection , 1995, Journal of virology.

[106]  A. Cumano,et al.  The repertoires of circulating human CD8(+) central and effector memory T cell subsets are largely distinct. , 2003, Immunity.

[107]  P. Doherty,et al.  Progressive loss of CD8+ T cell-mediated control of a gamma-herpesvirus in the absence of CD4+ T cells , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[108]  J. Curtsinger,et al.  Signal 3 Determines Tolerance versus Full Activation of Naive CD8 T Cells , 2003, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[109]  J. Miller,et al.  AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PLASMA CELL AND LYMPHOCYTE SURVIVAL IN RAT POPLITEAL LYMPH NODES. , 1964, Journal of immunology.

[110]  G. Cattoretti,et al.  Expression In Vivo Cell Fate Is Associated with Blimp-1 Commitment of B Lymphocytes to a Plasma , 2000 .

[111]  K. Georgopoulos,et al.  Aiolos Is Required for the Generation of High Affinity Bone Marrow Plasma Cells Responsible for Long-Term Immunity , 2004, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[112]  R. Ahmed,et al.  Cytotoxic T-cell memory without antigen , 1994, Nature.

[113]  C. Ng,et al.  Impaired germinal center formation and recall T-cell-dependent immune responses in mice lacking the costimulatory ligand B7-H2. , 2003, Blood.

[114]  I. Weissman,et al.  Bcl-2 Rescues T Lymphopoiesis in Interleukin-7 Receptor–Deficient Mice , 1997, Cell.

[115]  P. Burkett,et al.  IL-15Rα expression on CD8+ T cells is dispensable for T cell memory , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[116]  Susan M. Kaech,et al.  Molecular and Functional Profiling of Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation , 2002, Cell.

[117]  D. Richman,et al.  Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections , 2002, Nature Medicine.

[118]  R. Zinkernagel,et al.  Immunological Memory , 2006 .

[119]  R. Ahmed,et al.  Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells. , 1998, Immunity.

[120]  L. Lefrançois,et al.  Cutting Edge: Requirement for IL-15 in the Generation of Primary and Memory Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells1 , 2002, The Journal of Immunology.

[121]  J. Borst,et al.  CD27 Promotes Survival of Activated T Cells and Complements CD28 in Generation and Establishment of the Effector T Cell Pool , 2003, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[122]  A. Cumano,et al.  Clonal recruitment and somatic mutation in the generation of immunological memory to the hapten NP. , 1986, The EMBO journal.

[123]  Andreas Radbruch,et al.  Survival of long-lived plasma cells is independent of antigen. , 1998, International immunology.

[124]  W. Sha,et al.  Enhancement of CD8+ T Cell Responses by ICOS/B7h Costimulation1 , 2001, The Journal of Immunology.

[125]  J. Altman,et al.  Cutting Edge: Increased Expression of Bcl-2 in Antigen-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells1 , 2000, The Journal of Immunology.

[126]  Stephen P. Schoenberger,et al.  Naïve CTLs require a single brief period of antigenic stimulation for clonal expansion and differentiation , 2001, Nature Immunology.

[127]  A. Strasser,et al.  Bcl-2 Can Rescue T Lymphocyte Development in Interleukin-7 Receptor–Deficient Mice but Not in Mutant rag-1 −/− Mice , 1997, Cell.

[128]  A. Cerwenka,et al.  Naive, effector, and memory CD8 T cells in protection against pulmonary influenza virus infection: homing properties rather than initial frequencies are crucial. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[129]  R. Ahmed,et al.  CD4+ T cells are required to sustain CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection , 1994, Journal of virology.

[130]  J. Sprent,et al.  Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-7 Jointly Regulate Homeostatic Proliferation of Memory Phenotype CD8+ Cells but Are Not Required for Memory Phenotype CD4+ Cells , 2002, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[131]  D. Voehringer,et al.  Cutting Edge: CCR7+ and CCR7− Memory T Cells Do Not Differ in Immediate Effector Cell Function1 , 2002, The Journal of Immunology.

[132]  W. A. Sawyer.  The Persistence of Yellow Fever Immunity. , 1931 .

[133]  Mark M. Davis,et al.  Blimp-1, a novel zinc finger-containing protein that can drive the maturation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin-secreting cells , 1994, Cell.

[134]  L. Tussey,et al.  Functionally distinct CD8+ memory T cell subsets in persistent EBV infection are differentiated by migratory receptor expression , 2000, European journal of immunology.

[135]  David Gray,et al.  Expansion, Selection and Mutation of Antigen‐Specific B Cells in Germinal Centers , 1992, Immunological reviews.

[136]  Andreas Radbruch,et al.  Lifetime of plasma cells in the bone marrow , 1997, Nature.

[137]  J. Altman,et al.  Counting antigen-specific CD8 T cells: a reevaluation of bystander activation during viral infection. , 1998, Immunity.

[138]  R. Ahmed,et al.  SAP is required for generating long-term humoral immunity , 2003, Nature.

[139]  P. Marrack,et al.  Control of homeostasis of CD8+ memory T cells by opposing cytokines. , 2000, Science.

[140]  E. Wherry,et al.  Viral Persistence Alters CD8 T-Cell Immunodominance and Tissue Distribution and Results in Distinct Stages of Functional Impairment , 2003, Journal of Virology.

[141]  E. Roldán,et al.  Terminal differentiation of human bone marrow cells capable of spontaneous and high‐rate immunoglobulin secretion: Role of bone marrow stromal cells and interleukin 6 , 1991, European journal of immunology.

[142]  Edward Jenner,et al.  An inquiry into the causes and effects of the Variolæ vaccinæ, 1798 , 1966 .