Repair and Reinforcement of Historic Timber Structures with Stainless Steel—A Review

Recent trends in the use of stainless steel profiles for repair and reinforcement of historic timber structures, after degradation due to biotic and non-biotic attacks, are discussed in this paper. These structural challenges can vary from inadequate load carrying capacity to complexities involved with choice of repair materials and techniques. Given the recurring requirements of conservation authorities in terms of reversibility of interventions and compatibility between historic and new materials, an increase in the use of non-invasive reinforcement materials and reversible techniques was observed. Subsequently, engineers and researchers have increasingly employed stainless steel alloys in retrofitting historic timber structures. This paper therefore presents the state of the art in the use of stainless steel profiles in retrofitting timber structural elements within historic structures. It includes a review of the development of the retrofitting methods and existing experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of timber structures reinforced with stainless steel. Finally, it presents a number of case studies and draws conclusions on current trends and practices based on reported studies.

[1]  Maurizio Piazza,et al.  Restoration and Strengthening of Timber Structures: Principles, Criteria, and Examples , 2007 .

[2]  T. Triantafillou,et al.  FRP-REINFORCED WOOD AS STRUCTURAL MATERIAL , 1992 .

[3]  M. Corradi,et al.  Strengthening of timber beams with high strength steel cords , 2011 .

[4]  J. Gilfillan,et al.  The Use of FRP Composites in Enhancing the Structural Behavior of Timber Beams , 2003 .

[5]  Antonio Borri,et al.  Fir and chestnut timber beams reinforced with GFRP pultruded elements , 2007 .

[6]  Eugenio Ruocco,et al.  The roof of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem: Structural problems and intervention techniques , 2012 .

[7]  Martin P. Ansell,et al.  Bonded-in rod connections for timber structures—development of design methods and test observations , 2002 .

[8]  Roberto Tomasi,et al.  REFURBISHMENT OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER FLOORS BY MEANS OF WOOD-WOOD COMPOSITE STRUCTURES ASSEMBLED WITH INCLINED SCREW CONNECTORS , 2010 .

[9]  Maurizio Piazza,et al.  Seismic strengthening and seismic improvement of timber structures , 2015 .

[10]  Antonio Borri,et al.  A review of the use of stainless steel for masonry repair and reinforcement , 2018, Construction and Building Materials.

[11]  Roberto Tomasi,et al.  Analysis and Strengthening of Timber Floors and Roofs , 2014 .

[12]  Andrea Di Schino,et al.  Metallurgical Design and Development of C125 Grade for Mild Sour Service Application , 2006 .

[13]  P. Gazzola,et al.  The Venice Charter: International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites , 1964 .

[14]  Roberto Tomasi,et al.  The refurbishment of existing timber floors: characterization of the in-plane behaviour , 2009 .

[15]  G. Lantos,et al.  The flexural behavior of steel reinforced laminated timber beams. , 1970 .

[16]  J. Kenny,et al.  Modelling primary recrystallization and grain growth in a low nickel austenitic stainless steel , 2001 .

[17]  William M. Bulleit,et al.  Steel‐Reinforced Glued Laminated Timber , 1989 .

[18]  K. Poologanathan,et al.  Flexural behaviour of hardwood and softwood beams with mechanically connected GFRP plates , 2018, Composite Structures.

[19]  Maria Rosa Valluzzi,et al.  Experimental assessment and modelling of in-plane behaviour of timber floors , 2008 .

[20]  J F Mcgurn.  STAINLESS STEEL REINFORCING BARS IN CONCRETE , 1999 .

[21]  G. F. Loedolff,et al.  Laminated Wood Beams Reinforced with Steel Strips , 1968 .

[22]  E. Krempl.  An experimental study of room-temperature rate-sensitivity, creep and relaxation of AISI type 304 stainless steel , 1979 .

[23]  Hans Joachim Blass,et al.  Nail plate reinforced joints with dowel-type fasteners , 1995 .

[24]  Antonio Borri,et al.  Fully reversible reinforcement of softwood beams with unbonded composite plates , 2016 .

[25]  G. Raftery,et al.  Basalt FRP rods for reinforcement and repair of timber , 2015 .

[26]  V. Karbhari,et al.  Durability evaluation of moderate temperature cured E-glass/vinylester systems , 2004 .

[27]  Francesco Micelli,et al.  Flexural Reinforcement of Glulam Timber Beams and Joints with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Rods , 2005 .

[28]  M. Corradi,et al.  A method for flexural reinforcement of old wood beams with CFRP materials , 2005 .

[29]  John N. Karadelis,et al.  Punched metal plate timber fasteners under fatigue loading , 2000 .

[31]  Roberto Tomasi,et al.  Behaviour of refurbished timber floors characterized by different in-plane stiffness , 2008 .

[32]  Sami H. Rizkalla,et al.  Timber Beams Strengthened with GFRP Bars: Development and Applications , 2002 .

[33]  T. Triantafillou.  SHEAR REINFORCEMENT OF WOOD USING FRP MATERIALS , 1997 .

[34]  The Charter of Krakow 2000 PRINCIPLES FOR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF BUILT HERITAGE , 2001 .

[35]  Ezio Giuriani,et al.  Stud Shear Connection Design for Composite Concrete Slab and Wood Beams , 2002 .

[36]  Parvez Alam,et al.  Mechanical repair of timber beams fractured in flexure using bonded-in reinforcements , 2009 .

[37]  E. Garbin,et al.  A strengthening technique for timber floors using traditional materiaIs , 2016 .

[38]  A. J. Panshin,et al.  Textbook of Wood Technology , 1964 .

[39]  Antonio Borri,et al.  FRP reinforcement of wood elements under bending loads , 2003 .

[40]  Benedetto Pizzo,et al.  Evaluation of a design approach to the on-site structural repair of decayed old timber end beams , 2013 .

[41]  William M. Bulleit,et al.  Reinforcement of wood materials: a review , 2007 .

[42]  N. R. Baddoo,et al.  Stainless steel in construction: A review of research, applications, challenges and opportunities , 2008 .

[43]  Jerzy Jasieńko,et al.  Solid timber beams strengthened with steel plates – Experimental studies , 2014 .

[44]  Annette M. Harte,et al.  Failure modes and reinforcement techniques for timber beams – State of the art , 2015 .

[45]  Knut Einar Larsen,et al.  Conservation of historic timber structures. An ecological approach , 2016 .

[46]  D. Holloway,et al.  Composite Timber Beams Strengthened by Steel and CFRP , 2017 .

[47]  B. Benmokrane,et al.  Durability Gap Analysis for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Civil Infrastructure , 2003 .

[48]  Graham Gedge,et al.  Structural uses of stainless steel — buildings and civil engineering , 2008 .