The application of air layers in building envelopes: A review

Air layer involved envelopes (ALIEs) have gained considerable popularity in modern building design and construction, owing to their great potential in improving the building thermal performance. Basically, the air layer functions as an extra insulation layer or as a ventilation channel. This paper presents a literature review on building envelopes that contain inner air layers by tracing recent studies on existing air layer involved applications and technologies in walls, windows, roofs. The structural characteristics, the driving forces, the effects of the inner air layers, and the benefits of different types of ALIE systems are summarized and classified. And then operation modes of air layer used in building envelopes are roughly classified into three types: the enclosed type, the naturally ventilated type and the mechanically ventilated type. At the end, this paper analyzes current research gaps and provides possible future research directions on air layer technologies in building envelopes.

[1]  D. J. Harris,et al.  Solar chimney and building ventilation , 2007 .

[2]  C. Lei,et al.  Solar chimneyA passive strategy for natural ventilation , 2011 .

[3]  Lingfeng Wang,et al.  Multi-agent control system with intelligent optimization for smart and energy-efficient buildings , 2010, IECON 2010 - 36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[4]  Kenneth Ip,et al.  Assessment of double skin façade technologies for office refurbishments in the United Kingdom , 2013 .

[5]  Sooyoung Kim,et al.  Determining Photosensor Conditions of a Daylight Dimming Control System Using Different Double-skin Envelope Configurations , 2007 .

[6]  Hasan Karabay,et al.  Determination of optimum thickness of double-glazed windows for the climatic regions of Turkey , 2010 .

[7]  Rolf Hanitsch,et al.  Combined photovoltaic and solar thermal systems for facade integration and building insulation , 1999 .

[8]  Kenneth Ip,et al.  Perspectives of double skin façades for naturally ventilated buildings: A review , 2014 .

[9]  Sanja Stevanović,et al.  Optimization of passive solar design strategies: A review , 2013 .

[10]  Martin Belusko,et al.  Roof integrated solar heating system with glazed collector , 2004 .

[11]  Minoru Mizuno,et al.  Numerical study on a low energy architecture based upon distributed heat storage system , 2001 .

[12]  Sung-Jin Lee,et al.  Power output analysis of transparent thin-film module in building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV) , 2008 .

[13]  Judith Gurney.  BP Statistical Review of World Energy , 1985 .

[14]  Hongxing Yang,et al.  Validation of the Sandia model with indoor and outdoor measurements for semi-transparent amorphous silicon PV modules , 2015 .

[15]  Réné Tchinda,et al.  A review of the mathematical models for predicting solar air heaters systems , 2009 .

[16]  Kamaruzzaman Sopian,et al.  Trombe walls: A review of opportunities and challenges in research and development , 2012 .

[17]  K. Sopian,et al.  Review of solar air collectors with thermal storage units , 2011 .

[18]  Boqiang Lin,et al.  China's building energy efficiency and urbanization , 2015 .

[19]  Stephen Sharples,et al.  Will multi-facade systems reduce cooling energy in fully glazed buildings? A scoping study of UAE buildings , 2013 .

[20]  Berit Time,et al.  Solar shading control strategies in cold climates – Heating, cooling demand and daylight availability in office spaces , 2014 .

[21]  Marc Ottelé,et al.  Greening the building envelope, facade greening and living wall systems , 2011 .

[22]  R. Griffiths,et al.  Sustainable earth walls to meet the building regulations , 2005 .

[23]  Khalid A. Joudi,et al.  Application of indirect evaporative cooling to variable domestic cooling load , 2000 .

[24]  Luis Pérez-Lombard,et al.  A review on buildings energy consumption information , 2008 .

[25]  André De Herde,et al.  Greenhouse effect in double-skin facade , 2007 .

[26]  Jeffrey W. Price.  Green Facade Energetics , 2010 .

[27]  Dirk Saelens,et al.  Strategies to improve the energy performance of multiple-skin facades , 2008 .

[28]  Finn Harken Kristiansen,et al.  Super insulating aerogel glazing , 2005 .

[29]  Jianing Zhao,et al.  Energy performance of a dual airflow window under different climates , 2010 .

[30]  Yuxiang Chen,et al.  Modeling, design and thermal performance of a BIPV/T system thermally coupled with a ventilated concrete slab in a low energy solar house: Part 1, BIPV/T system and house energy concept , 2010 .

[31]  Baizhan Li,et al.  An investigation of the existing situation and trends in building energy efficiency management in China , 2007 .

[32]  Mohammad. Rasul,et al.  Thermal-comfort analysis and simulation for various low-energy cooling-technologies applied to an office building in a subtropical climate , 2008 .

[33]  Xiaohong Han,et al.  Study on energy saving effect of heat-reflective insulation coating on envelopes in the hot summer and cold winter zone , 2012 .

[34]  K. F. Fong,et al.  Investigation on energy performance of double skin façade in Hong Kong , 2009 .

[35]  Wasim Saman,et al.  Thermal performance of PCM thermal storage unit for a roof integrated solar heating system , 2005 .

[36]  Liwei Tian,et al.  Evaluation on energy and thermal performance for office building envelope in different climate zones of China , 2015 .

[37]  Hasan Karabay,et al.  Multiple pane window applications in various climatic regions of Turkey , 2012 .

[38]  Neil Hewitt,et al.  Predicted thermal performance of triple vacuum glazing , 2010 .

[39]  Robert F. Boehm,et al.  Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components , 2011 .

[40]  Xiaoqiang Zhai,et al.  A review for the applications of solar chimneys in buildings , 2011 .

[41]  Jalal M. Jalil,et al.  Induced Flow for Ventilation and Cooling by a Solar Chimney , 2015 .

[42]  O. T. Masoso,et al.  The dark side of occupants’ behaviour on building energy use , 2010 .

[43]  Yong Wu,et al.  A review of building energy efficiency in China during “Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period , 2012 .

[44]  K.G.T. Hollands,et al.  Heat-exchange relations for unglazed transpired solar collectors with circular holes on a square or triangular pitch , 2001 .

[45]  Andreas K. Athienitis,et al.  A prototype photovoltaic/thermal system integrated with transpired collector , 2011 .

[46]  M. A. Mir.  Green facades and Building structures , 2011 .

[47]  Saffa Riffat,et al.  Building integrated solar thermal collectors – A review , 2015 .

[48]  L. Cabeza,et al.  Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) for energy saving in buildings: A review , 2014 .

[49]  Eric Savory,et al.  Numerical modelling of forced convective heat transfer from the inclined windward roof of an isolated low-rise building with application to photovoltaic/thermal systems , 2011 .

[50]  Müslüm Arıcı,et al.  An investigation of flow and conjugate heat transfer in multiple pane windows with respect to gap width, emissivity and gas filling , 2015 .

[51]  Francesco Patania,et al.  Thermofluid-dynamic analysis of ventilated facades , 2010 .

[52]  Samar Jaber,et al.  Optimum design of Trombe wall system in mediterranean region , 2011 .

[53]  Milorad Bojić,et al.  Optimizing energy and environmental performance of passive Trombe wall , 2014 .

[54]  H. Manz,et al.  Energy performance of glazings in European climates , 2012 .

[55]  Soteris A. Kalogirou,et al.  Hybrid PV/T solar systems for domestic hot water and electricity production , 2006 .

[56]  R. Messenger,et al.  Photovoltaic Systems Engineering , 1999 .

[57]  Hussain H. Al-Kayiem,et al.  Mathematical analysis of the influence of the chimney height and collector area on the performance of a roof top solar chimney , 2014 .

[58]  M. Aboulnaga.  A roof solar chimney assisted by cooling cavity for natural ventilation in buildings in hot arid climates: An energy conservation approach in Al-Ain city , 1998 .

[59]  K. F. Fong,et al.  A Comparative Study of PV Glazing Performance in Warm Climate , 2009 .

[60]  Mohammad Yusri Hassan,et al.  Energy efficiency index as an indicator for measuring building energy performance: A review , 2015 .

[61]  K. Sumathy,et al.  Photovoltaic thermal module concepts and their performance analysis: A review , 2010 .

[62]  Danny H.W. Li,et al.  Energy and cost analysis of semi-transparent photovoltaic in office buildings , 2009 .

[63]  Liang Yan,et al.  Structure Energy Saving and System Construction , 2010, 2010 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government.

[64]  Dariush Arasteh,et al.  The effects 3f infrared absorbing gasses on window heat transfer: A comparison of theory and experiment , 1990 .

[65]  John Burnett,et al.  Simple approach to cooling load component calculation through PV walls , 2000 .

[66]  Suzelle Barrington,et al.  Performance of unglazed solar ventilation air pre-heaters for broiler barns , 2011 .

[67]  Nasrudin Abd Rahim,et al.  Review on solar air heating system with and without thermal energy storage system , 2012 .

[68]  Wei Sun,et al.  Performance of PV-Trombe wall in winter correlated with south façade design , 2011 .

[69]  Kwang Woo Kim,et al.  An experimental study on airflow in the cavity of a ventilated roof , 2009 .

[70]  Martin Ordenes,et al.  The impact of building-integrated photovoltaics on the energy demand of multi-family dwellings in Brazil , 2007 .

[71]  Jyotirmay Mathur,et al.  SUMMER-PERFORMANCE OF INCLINED ROOF SOLAR CHIMNEY FOR NATURAL VENTILATION , 2006 .

[72]  Antonio Sánchez Kaiser,et al.  Thermal and dynamic optimization of the convective flow in Trombe Wall shaped channels by numerical investigation , 2009 .

[73]  Ha Herbert Zondag,et al.  Flat-plate PV-Thermal collectors and systems : a review , 2008 .

[74]  Yiping Wang,et al.  Influence of a building's integrated-photovoltaics on heating and cooling loads , 2006 .

[75]  Kiyoshi Chiba,et al.  Low-emissivity coating of amorphous diamond-like carbon/Ag-alloy multilayer on glass , 2005 .

[76]  P. Heiselberg,et al.  An Experimental Investigation of a Solar Chimney model with Uniform Wall Heat Flux , 2003 .

[77]  S. R. Dhariwal,et al.  Analytical expressions for the response of flat-plate collector to various transient conditions , 2005 .

[78]  Gregory A. Kopp,et al.  Modelling of spatially and temporally-varying cavity pressures in air-permeable, double-layer roof systems , 2014 .

[79]  Ramadan Bassiouny,et al.  An analytical and numerical study of solar chimney use for room natural ventilation , 2008 .

[80]  Jyotirmay Mathur,et al.  Experimental investigations on solar chimney for room ventilation , 2006 .

[81]  Khalid A. Joudi,et al.  Greenhouse heating by solar air heaters on the roof , 2014 .

[82]  Tin-Tai Chow,et al.  Potential application of “see-through” solar cells in ventilated glazing in Hong Kong , 2009 .

[83]  Siaw Kiang Chou,et al.  Energy performance of residential buildings in Singapore , 2010 .

[84]  Christophe Menezo,et al.  Experimental natural convection on vertical surfaces for building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications , 2008 .

[85]  Norhayati Mahyuddin,et al.  Thermal performance of atria: An overview of natural ventilation effective designs , 2014 .

[86]  Nikolaos Skandalos,et al.  PV glazing technologies , 2015 .

[87]  Keith Wipke,et al.  Use of unglazed transpired solar collectors for desiccant cooling , 1994 .

[88]  Finn Harken Kristiansen,et al.  Development of windows based on highly insulating aerogel glazings , 2004 .

[89]  Wei He,et al.  Active Solar Thermal Facades (ASTFs): From concept, application to research questions , 2015 .

[90]  Rakesh Khanal,et al.  A numerical investigation of buoyancy induced turbulent air flow in an inclined passive wall solar chimney for natural ventilation , 2015 .

[91]  Kamaruzzaman Sopian,et al.  Perspectives of double skin façade systems in buildings and energy saving , 2011 .

[92]  Ali A. Dehghan,et al.  Experimental study of the heating performance of a Trombe wall with a new design , 2015 .

[93]  Zhijian Hou,et al.  An innovation wall model based on interlayer ventilation , 2008 .

[94]  Klaus Vajen,et al.  On the correlations between collector efficiency factor and material content of parallel flow flat-plate solar collectors , 2004 .

[95]  Hatice Sözer,et al.  Improving energy efficiency through the design of the building envelope , 2010 .

[96]  Orhan Aydin,et al.  Determination of optimum air-layer thickness in double-pane windows , 2000 .

[97]  Daniel R. Rousse,et al.  A comprehensive review of solar facades. Transparent and translucent solar facades , 2012 .

[98]  K. F. Fong,et al.  Thermal performance of natural airflow window in subtropical and temperate climate zones – A comparative study , 2009 .

[99]  Wei Sun,et al.  Experimental and numerical investigation on the performance of amorphous silicon photovoltaics window in East China , 2011 .

[100]  Kwang Ho Lee,et al.  Enhancement of natural ventilation in buildings using a thermal chimney , 2009 .

[101]  Tin-Tai Chow,et al.  Dynamic performance of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collector wall in Hong Kong , 2003 .

[102]  Hiroshi Matsumoto,et al.  A naturally ventilated cavity roof as potential benefits for improving thermal environment and cooli , 2011 .

[103]  Tokiyoshi Yamada,et al.  Natural ventilation performance of a double-skin façade with a solar chimney , 2005 .

[104]  V. V. Tyagi,et al.  PCM thermal storage in buildings: A state of art , 2007 .

[105]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  Numerical modelling of ventilated facades: A review , 2013 .

[106]  B. Chen,et al.  The effect of Trombe wall on indoor humid climate in Dalian, China , 2006 .

[107]  Xingxing Zhang,et al.  Review of R&D progress and practical application of the solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) technologies. , 2012 .

[108]  Jinqing Peng,et al.  Investigation on the development potential of rooftop PV system in Hong Kong and its environmental benefits , 2013 .

[109]  I. Guedi Capeluto,et al.  Energy performance of the self-shading building envelope , 2003 .

[110]  S. Iniyan,et al.  Flat plate solar photovoltaic–thermal (PV/T) systems : A reference guide , 2015 .

[111]  Jibao Shen,et al.  Numerical study on thermal behavior of classical or composite Trombe solar walls , 2007 .

[112]  Baizhan Li,et al.  The effect of building envelope insulation on cooling energy consumption in summer , 2014 .

[113]  Yunfei Dai,et al.  Optimal study of a solar air heating system with pebble bed energy storage , 2011 .

[114]  Philip C. Eames,et al.  Low emittance coatings and the thermal performance of vacuum glazing , 2007 .

[115]  Mark Richard Wilby,et al.  Towards a universal energy efficiency index for buildings , 2011 .

[116]  H. Andrade,et al.  The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study i , 2011 .

[117]  Wei He,et al.  Performance evaluation of a PV ventilated window applying to office building of Hong Kong , 2007 .

[118]  Michael Frank Hordeski,et al.  Dictionary of Energy Efficiency Technologies , 2004 .

[119]  Guohui Gan,et al.  A parametric study of Trombe walls for passive cooling of buildings , 1998 .

[120]  A. Mohammed,et al.  Energy Efficient Buildings as a Tool for Ensuring Sustainability in the Building Industry , 2011 .

[121]  C. F. Kutscher,et al.  Heat Exchange Effectiveness and Pressure Drop for Air Flow Through Perforated Plates With and Without Crosswind , 1994 .

[122]  Hua Bai,et al.  Potential application of glazed transpired collectors to space heating in cold climates , 2014 .

[123]  S. Lykoudis,et al.  Summer performance of a ventilated roof component , 2006 .

[124]  Joseph Khedari,et al.  Study of natural ventilation of houses by a metallic solar wall under tropical climate , 1999 .

[125]  M. Grätzel,et al.  A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films , 1991, Nature.

[126]  Francesco Patania,et al.  Thermal performance of ventilated roofs during summer period , 2012 .

[127]  Dennis L. Loveday,et al.  Equilibrium thermal characteristics of a building integrated photovoltaic tiled roof , 2009 .

[128]  J. Scott MacIvor.  Green roofs as constructed ecosystems : native plant performance and insect diversity , 2010 .

[129]  Tapas K. Mallick,et al.  Enhancing the performance of building integrated photovoltaics , 2011 .

[130]  Kamaruzzaman Sopian,et al.  Building energy index and end-use energy analysis in large-scale hospitals—case study in Malaysia , 2014 .

[131]  Melissa M. Bilec,et al.  Simulating home cooling load reductions for a novel opaque roof solar chimney configuration , 2013 .

[132]  Daniel R. Rousse,et al.  Experimental and numerical simulation of a two-dimensional unglazed transpired solar air collector , 2013 .

[133]  M. S. Söylemez.  Thermoeconomical Optimization of Number of Panes for Windows , 2009 .

[134]  Wilhelm A. Friess,et al.  Wall insulation measures for residential villas in Dubai: A case study in energy efficiency , 2012 .

[135]  Vivek Tomar,et al.  Effect of packing factor on the performance of a building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal (BISPVT) system with air duct , 2012 .

[136]  Mark Luther,et al.  Energy efficient envelope design for high-rise apartments , 2005 .

[137]  Lin Lu,et al.  Investigation on the annual thermal performance of a photovoltaic wall mounted on a multi-layer façade , 2013 .

[138]  A. M. Blanco-Marigorta,et al.  Numerical simulation and exergetic analysis of building ventilation solar chimneys , 2015 .

[139]  G. N. Tiwari,et al.  Performance evaluation of a building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal system for roof and façade , 2012 .

[140]  Jianing Zhao,et al.  Optimal design for a dual-airflow window for different climate regions in China , 2010 .

[141]  Yan Peiyu.  INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION COMPOUND SYSTEM ON THE INDOOR TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY , 2004 .

[142]  E. Gratia,et al.  Guidelines for improving natural daytime ventilation in an office building with a double-skin facade , 2007 .

[143]  Preecha Tummu,et al.  Thermal performance and cost effectiveness of wall insulation under Thai climate , 2012 .

[144]  A. Kazim.  Assessments of primary energy consumption and its environmental consequences in the United Arab Emirates , 2007 .

[145]  D. Ossen,et al.  A review of energy characteristic of vertical greenery systems , 2014 .

[146]  Arild Gustavsen,et al.  Windows in the Buildings of Tomorrow; Energy Losers or Energy Gainers? , 2013 .

[147]  Chuck Kutscher,et al.  Development of a flow distribution and design model for transpired solar collectors , 1997 .

[148]  Ji Jie,et al.  Study of PV-Trombe wall assisted with DC fan , 2007 .

[149]  Francesco Leccese,et al.  Ventilated facades energy performance in summer cooling of buildings , 2003 .

[150]  Ram Chandra,et al.  Testing procedures for solar air heaters: A review , 1991 .

[151]  Tin-Tai Chow,et al.  An experimental study of façade-integrated photovoltaic/water-heating system , 2007 .

[152]  N. Wong,et al.  The effects of rooftop garden on energy consumption of a commercial building in Singapore , 2003 .

[153]  Ergo Pikas,et al.  Facade design principles for nearly zero energy buildings in a cold climate , 2013 .

[154]  Y. Tripanagnostopoulos,et al.  Performance improvement of PV/T solar collectors with natural air flow operation , 2008 .

[155]  Orhan Aydin,et al.  Conjugate heat transfer analysis of double pane windows , 2006 .

[156]  Hongxing Yang,et al.  An experimental study of the thermal performance of a novel photovoltaic double-skin facade in Hong Kong , 2013 .

[157]  Giorgio Baldinelli,et al.  Double skin facades for warm climate regions : Analysis of a solution with an integrated movable shading system , 2009 .

[158]  A. Androutsopoulos,et al.  Investigation of the performance of a ventilated wall , 2011 .

[159]  Man Pun Wan,et al.  Modelling of cool roof performance for double-skin roofs in tropical climate , 2015 .

[160]  H. Manz,et al.  On minimizing heat transport in architectural glazing , 2008 .

[161]  Constantinos A. Balaras,et al.  Potential for energy conservation in apartment buildings , 2000 .

[162]  Ashish Shukla,et al.  A state of art review on the performance of transpired solar collector , 2012 .

[163]  Eduardo L. Krüger,et al.  Evaluation of a Trombe wall system in a subtropical location , 2013 .

[164]  Jorge S. Carlos,et al.  Heat recovery versus solar collection in a ventilated double window , 2012 .

[165]  Francesco Leccese,et al.  Energy analysis of ventilated and microventilated roofs , 2005 .

[166]  Jie Zhu,et al.  Review of passive solar heating and cooling technologies , 2010 .

[167]  A. V. D. Dobbelsteen,et al.  The impact of greening systems on building energy performance: A literature review , 2015 .

[168]  Frédéric Magoulès,et al.  A review on the prediction of building energy consumption , 2012 .

[169]  Juan Zhou,et al.  A REVIEW ON APPLYING VENTILATED DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE TO BUILDINGS IN HOT-SUMMER AND COLD-WINTER ZONE IN CHINA , 2010 .

[170]  S. C. Kaushik,et al.  Performance evaluation of green roof and shading for thermal protection of buildings , 2005 .

[171]  Paul Torcellini,et al.  Trombe Walls in Low-Energy Buildings: Practical Experiences; Preprint , 2004 .

[172]  Qingyan Chen,et al.  A computational method for calculating heat transfer and airflow through a dual-airflow window , 2008 .

[173]  Joseph Khedari,et al.  New configurations of a roof solar collector maximizing natural ventilation , 2001 .

[174]  François Garde,et al.  Performance Evaluation of Green Roof for Thermal Protection of Buildings In Reunion Island , 2012 .

[175]  André De Herde,et al.  Natural cooling strategies efficiency in an office building with a double-skin facade , 2004 .

[176]  Hongxing Yang,et al.  Comparative study of the thermal and power performances of a semi-transparent photovoltaic façade under different ventilation modes , 2015 .

[177]  Wan Ki Chow,et al.  Energy impact of commercial-building envelopes in the sub-tropical climate , 1998 .

[178]  P. Raman,et al.  A passive solar system for thermal comfort conditioning of buildings in composite climates , 2001 .

[179]  Stefan Zukotynski,et al.  Diamond-like carbon based low-emissive coatings , 2011 .

[180]  Qingyan Chen,et al.  Experimental and numerical analysis of heat transfer and airflow on an interactive building facade , 2010 .

[181]  J. Xamán,et al.  Numerical study of heat transfer by laminar and turbulent natural convection in tall cavities of façade elements , 2005 .

[182]  Stéphane Ginestet,et al.  Improvement of buildings energy efficiency: Comparison, operability and results of commissioning tools , 2013 .

[183]  Takahiko Miyazaki,et al.  Energy savings of office buildings by the use of semi-transparent solar cells for windows , 2005 .

[184]  Donatien Njomo,et al.  Sensitivity analysis of thermal performances of flat plate solar air heaters , 2006 .

[185]  Laura Bellia,et al.  An Overview on Solar Shading Systems for Buildings , 2014 .

[186]  Tin-Tai Chow,et al.  A Review on Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid Solar Technology , 2010, Renewable Energy.

[187]  Jorge S. Carlos,et al.  Evaluation of the thermal performance indices of a ventilated double window through experimental and analytical procedures: Uw-values , 2014 .

[188]  Seppo A. Korpela,et al.  Heat Transfer Through a Double Pane Window , 1982 .

[189]  Takahiko Miyazaki,et al.  The effects of solar chimneys on thermal load mitigation of office buildings under the Japanese climate , 2006 .

[190]  João Castro-Gomes,et al.  Green wall systems: A review of their characteristics , 2015, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[191]  Ruzhu Wang,et al.  Comparison of heating and natural ventilation in a solar house induced by two roof solar collectors , 2005 .

[192]  Varun,et al.  A thermodynamic review of solar air heaters , 2015 .

[193]  Hasan Karabay,et al.  Flow and heat transfer in double, triple and quadruple pane windows , 2015 .

[194]  Hongxing Yang,et al.  Thermal regulation of photovoltaic cladding , 1997 .

[195]  Craig Christensen,et al.  Unglazed transpired solar collectors: Heat loss theory , 1993 .

[196]  Jorge S. Carlos,et al.  Evaluation of the performance indices of a ventilated double window through experimental and analytical procedures: SHGC-values , 2015 .

[197]  Joseph Khedari,et al.  Investigation on the application of solar chimney for multi-storey buildings , 2009 .

[198]  Siaw Kiang Chou,et al.  A performance-based method for energy efficiency improvement of buildings , 2011 .

[199]  Andreas K. Athienitis,et al.  Modeling of energy performance of a house with three configurations of building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal systems , 2010 .

[200]  Kwang Ho Lee,et al.  An experimental study on the annual surface temperature characteristics of amorphous silicon BIPV window , 2013 .

[201]  Tariq Muneer,et al.  Energy and environmental impact analysis of double-glazed windows , 1998 .

[202]  Oussama Chehab.  The intelligent façade photovoltaic and architecture , 1994 .

[203]  Henrik Madsen,et al.  Modelling the heat dynamics of building integrated and ventilated photovoltaic modules , 2009 .

[204]  C. Balocco.  A simple model to study ventilated facades energy performance , 2002 .

[205]  Patrick James,et al.  Potential of emerging glazing technologies for highly glazed buildings in hot arid climates , 2008 .

[206]  Daniel R. Rousse,et al.  A comprehensive review of solar facades. Opaque solar facades , 2012 .

[207]  H. Manz,et al.  Triple vacuum glazing: Heat transfer and basic mechanical design constraints , 2006 .

[208]  Zhiqiang Zhai,et al.  Numerical investigation on thermal performance and correlations of double skin façade with buoyancy-driven airflow , 2008 .