Granulomatous meningoencephalitis due to Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse.

A 6-year-old, male, mixed-breed horse was presented for necropsy with history of blindness, ataxia, in coordination, peddling movements, nystagmus, depression, muscle spasms, abnormal appetite, mydriasis, abnormal behavior, an d recumbency. There were no gross findings in the bra in. Microscopically, there was meningoencephalitis characterized by a mild to moderate multifocal granulomatous inflammatory reaction, affecting mainly the cerebellum and, with lesser intensity, the thalamus and brain stem. Intralesion al larval nematodes with morphology consistent with Halicephalobus gingivalis were observed. Based on the histopathological findi ngs, a diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalitis by H. gingivalis was made.

[1]  G. J. Galiza,et al.  Doenças do sistema nervoso central de equídeos no semi-árido , 2009 .

[2]  Rafael A. Fighera,et al.  Achados de necropsia relacionados com a morte de 335 eqüinos: 1968-2007 , 2009 .

[3]  A. Peregrine,et al.  Unsuccessful treatment of a horse with mandibular granulomatous osteomyelitis due to Halicephalobus gingivalis. , 2008, The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne.

[4]  H. Sager,et al.  A nodular granulomatous posthitis caused by Halicephalobus sp. in a horse. , 2007, Veterinary dermatology.

[5]  T. Kondo,et al.  Granulomatous nephritis and meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a pony gelding. , 2007, The Journal of veterinary medical science.

[6]  K. Lemos,et al.  Halicephalobus gingivalis (H.deletrix) in the brain of a horse , 2007 .

[7]  T. Divers,et al.  Verminous Encephalitis in a Horse Produced by Nematodes in the Family Protostrongylidae , 2007, Veterinary pathology.

[8]  E. Lyons,et al.  Halicephalobus Gingivalis-Associated Meningoencephalitis in a Thoroughbred Foal , 2006, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.

[9]  T. Shibahara,et al.  Equine renal granuloma caused by Halicephalobus species , 2002, Veterinary Record.

[10]  G. Mason,et al.  Radiculomeningomyelitis Due to Halicephalobus gingivalis in a Horse , 2001, Veterinary pathology.

[11]  A. Peregrine,et al.  Halicephalobus gingivalis encephalomyelitis in a horse. , 2000, The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne.

[12]  E. Greiner,et al.  HALICEPHALOBUS GINGIVALIS (NEMATODA) INFECTION IN A GREVY'S ZEBRA (EQUUS GREVYI) , 2000, Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

[13]  M. Mathews,et al.  Halicephalobus Gingivalis (H. Deletrix) Infection in Two Horses in Southern California , 2000, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.

[14]  R. Helman,et al.  Ocular Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) deletrix in a Horse , 1995, Veterinary pathology.

[15]  J. Beech,et al.  Disseminated Halicephalobus deletrix infection in a horse. , 1993, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[16]  D. G. Dunn,et al.  Nodular Granulomatous Posthitis Caused by Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) sp. in a Horse , 1993, Veterinary pathology.

[17]  F. Jackson,et al.  Halicephalobus deletrix infection in a horse in Scotland , 1992, Veterinary Record.

[18]  M. B. Mays,et al.  Verminous mastitis in a mare caused by a free-living nematode. , 1991, The Journal of parasitology.

[19]  W. R. Kelly,et al.  Equine neural angiostrongylosis. , 1991, Australian veterinary journal.

[20]  E. Greiner,et al.  Halicephalobus (Micronema) deletrix infection in two half-sibling foals. , 1990, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[21]  J. Belknap,et al.  Cerebrospinal fluid changes in two horses with central nervous system nematodiasis (Micronema deletrix). , 1988, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[22]  P. Webbon,et al.  Halicephalobus deletrix infection in a horse. , 1987, Equine veterinary journal.

[23]  R. Wada,et al.  Micronema deletrix Infection in the Central Nervous System of a Horse , 1985 .

[24]  R. MacKay,et al.  Migration of a spiruroid nematode through the brain of a horse. , 1982, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[25]  C. Gardiner,et al.  Micronema in man: third fatal infection. , 1981, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[26]  G. Rossi,et al.  A horse with Halicephalobus deletrix encephalitis in Italy. , 1997 .

[27]  M. J. Payán,et al.  Granulomas en el prepucio de un equino causados por micronema , 1979 .